The redox potential of growing cultures of Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen compared with other facultative anaerobes.

The changes of redox potential were measured in growing cultures of three strains of Streptococcus bovis, together with three strains of Staphylococcus aureus and one strain of each of Lactobacillus plantaram, Lactobacillus casei, and Eschericia coli. It was found that both S. aureus and E. coli could reduce the redox potential of the growth medium to very low values (between —400 mv and —600 mv), whereas the streptococci and lactobacilli were able to cause only slight or insignificant changes of the redox potential. Respirometric measurements confirmed that the capacity of oxygen consumption of S. bovis was very small compared to that of E. coli and S. aureus. On this basis the authors conclude that S. bovis in all probability is unable to contribute significantly to maintenance of the low redox potential of its natural habitat, the rumen. This function must be carried out by other bacteria, such as enterobacteria or staphylococci, which are capable of performing a true, aerobic respiration.     

我国南方草地资源现状及其发展前景

根据我国南方地区自然资源特点、草地类型、利用现状等,总结、分析了南方草地资源的优势、发展潜力和目前所面临的实际问题,并有针对性地提出了不同类型草地资源草产业发展模式。     

朱砂叶螨对两种杀螨剂的抗性遗传力及风险评估

在室内抗性培育的基础上,应用数量遗传学中的域性状分析法研究了朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素两种杀螨剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对两种药剂在不同杀死率下,朱砂叶螨抗性发展的速率进行了预测。结果表明,用甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素分别连续汰选16、18代后,朱砂叶螨对两者的抗性分别为28.61和4.36倍,抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2685和0.1385。在室内选择条件下,杀死率为50％～90％时,要获得10倍抗性,甲氰菊酯需要约13～6代,阿维菌素需要约28～13代。生物源农药阿维菌素的抗性风险明显低于菊酯类药剂甲氰菊酯。试验结果为朱砂叶螨抗性治理提供了理论依据。     

棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性遗传力的分析

采用域性状分析法,估算了棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性现实遗传力,并对3种菊酯的抗性风险进行了评估。结果表明,棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2027、0.1554和0.1084。假设田间种群的抗性现实遗传力为估算值的一半,杀死率为80％,预计抗性增长到10倍时,氰戊菊酯可使用14次,三氟氯氰菊酯可使用19次,溴氟菊酯可使用31次。三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性风险明显低于氰戊菊酯;棉铃虫对含氟菊酯的抗性发展速度明显低于不含氟的菊酯。试验结果为实际应用提供了理论依据。     

Characterizing historical and modern fire regimes in Michigan (USA): A landscape ecosystem approach

We studied the relationships of landscape ecosystems to historical and contemporary fire regimes across 4.3 million hectares in northern lower Michigan (USA). Changes in fire regimes were documented by comparing historical fire rotations in different landscape ecosystems to those occurring between 1985 and 2000. Previously published data and a synthesis of the literature were used to identify six forest-replacement fire regime categories with fire rotations ranging from very short (<100 years) to very long (>1,000 years). We derived spatially-explicit estimates of the susceptibility of landscape ecosystems to fire disturbance using Landtype Association maps as initial units of investigation. Each Landtype Association polygon was assigned to a fire regime category based on associations of ecological factors known to influence fire regimes. Spatial statistics were used to interpolate fire points recorded by the General Land Office. Historical fire rotations were determined by calculating the area burned for each category of fire regime and dividing this area by fifteen (years) to estimate area burned per annum. Modern fire rotations were estimated using data on fire location and size obtained from federal and state agencies. Landtype Associations networked into fire regime categories exhibited differences in both historical and modern fire rotations. Historical rotations varied by 23-fold across all fire rotation categories, and modern forest fire rotations by 13-fold. Modern fire rotations were an order of magnitude longer than historical rotations. The magnitude of these changes has important implications for forest health and understanding of ecological processes in most of the fire rotation categories that we identified.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于食物安全视角的我国畜产食品进口依赖性风险评价

新时期下,保障我国畜产食品供给安全是保障我国食物安全的重要内容之一,而“适度进口”是保障我国畜产食品供给安全的重要途径之一。如何才算“适度进口”,需对畜产食品进口的相关风险进行分析方可评判。运用进口依赖性评价模型对我国猪肉、鸡肉、羊肉、牛肉、鲜牛奶的进口依赖性风险进行分析发现,上述5种畜产食品均存在进口依赖性风险。其中,猪肉的风险来自美国、德国、丹麦、西班牙和加拿大;鸡肉的风险来自美国、巴西、阿根廷和波兰;羊肉的风险来自澳大利亚、新西兰和乌拉圭;牛肉的风险来自乌拉圭、澳大利亚、新西兰、阿根廷和加拿大;鲜牛奶的风险来自德国、法国、新西兰和澳大利亚。为降低我国畜产食品进口依赖性风险,短期内应采取畜产食品进口市场多元化策略以及用进口饲草料替代进口畜产食品的进口方式;长期应在保障“口粮安全”的前提下,调整农业结构,大力发展草地农业,减少对国际市场的依赖性。     

标准校正法测定土壤中的全氟

为了探讨不同测定方法对土壤全氟测定结果的准确性,采用标准加入法对标准土样的全氟含量进行测定,并对分析结果和普通测量法的分析结果进行对比,指出了空白电位值对测定结果的影响,通过精确度计算、t检验以及回收率试验证明,标准校正法能消除空白电极电位漂移对分析结果产生的影响,提高了分析结果的精密度和准确度.     

基于田块尺度土壤重金属空间分布及其生态风险评价

为了揭示田块尺度上土壤重金属污染特征及空间分布,以河南省新乡县翟坡镇某冬小麦种植农田为研究对象,采集了202个农田表层0～20 cm土壤和40个0～100 cm剖面土壤样品,分析了土壤样品中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni和Mn的含量特征,运用地统计分析中的普通克里格插值法研究土壤重金属的空间分布规律,并结合地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对研究区土壤重金属的生态风险进行评价。结果表明,研究区表层土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni和Mn均值为0.95、24.35、6.40、35.52、319.60、21.76mg·kg^-1和157.32 mg·kg^-1。Cr、Cd、Pb含量均超过河南省土壤重金属含量背景值,其中Cr、Cd含量超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018)筛选值,点位超标率分别为98%和100%。总体来看,土壤重金属含量随着剖面深度增加而降低,调查区南部的部分区域重金属含量偏高。从地质累积指数法与潜在生态危害指数法两种方法来看,Cd污染最为严重,生态风险较高,应当对该区域土壤Cd污染采取一定...     

新冠肺炎疫情下我国农产品供需失衡的形成机制研究

农产品供需失衡是新冠肺炎爆发初期疫情严重国家所面临的普遍难题,给农业生产者收入和城市消费者福利造成重大损失。在现有文献基础上,指出新冠肺炎疫情下我国农产品供需失衡：生产端农产品销售困难、农民损失惨重,消费端农产品供应偏紧、居民福利受损的基本特征。运用不确定性经济学理论,系统分析我国农产品供需失衡问题形成的内在机制,认为新冠肺炎疫情的突然爆发,给农产品流通从业人员的健康安全带来严重的不确定性,导致农产品流通成本猛然增加,使得农产品交易与物流被迫中断,是疫情下供需失衡的主要原因。因此,建议我国政府在新的重大疫情爆发之时,应及时推行公共卫生事件健康保险,鼓励农产品流通模式创新,增加农产品流通临时补贴、定向发布疫情风险等级信息,开展从业人员防疫能力培训,以降低疫情爆发所产生的额外成本,保障农产品供应链的有效运转和农业产业链的安全稳定,避免类似的供需失衡问题再度发生。     

谈清河林业局商品林基地建设

作者依据清河林业局的自然条件和交通、种苗基地及技术力量等实际情况,论述了在清河林业局建设商品林基地的可行性.