供氮方式对冬马铃薯氮肥利用效率及氮素去向的影响

以马铃薯费乌瑞它为试材,采用田间微区~(15)N示踪技术,研究施N量160kg·hm~(-2)全部基施(T1)、55%基施+45%在齐苗期追施(T2)、55%基施+30%在齐苗期追施+15%在现蕾期追施(T3)3种方式,对冬马铃薯氮肥利用效率及去向的影响。结果表明:马铃薯吸收的N约46%~52%来源于当季施用的氮肥,48%~54%来自土壤和种薯;肥料N利用率为35.16%~39.99%,残留率为47.71%~51.78%,损失率为8.23%~15.50%。3种施氮方式下,肥料N主要残留在0~15cm土层。随施氮时间后移,肥料N残留在0~15cm土层呈上升趋势,在15~45cm土层呈下降趋势。施氮方式对马铃薯干物质积累总量和块茎干物质积累量影响不明显,但T3肥料N利用率、肥料N残留率明显大于T1、T2。因此,综合经济效益和环境效益,T3施氮方式的效果较为理想。本研究为马铃薯氮素养分的有效管理提供了指导依据。     

氮磷钾用量对宁南旱地马铃薯产量及水肥利用效率的影响

在宁南旱地上利用田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾各4个施肥水平对马铃薯(庄薯3号)产量及水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,增施氮、磷、钾肥马铃薯产量均呈抛物线型增长,其中氮肥增产幅度最高,其次为磷肥,钾肥最低且与对照无显著差异。施用氮对马铃薯产量构成有显著影响,钾肥有利于块茎膨大。马铃薯氮、磷、钾养分累积量随着施肥量的增加而增加,当季氮、磷肥利用率都随着施肥量的增加先升高后降低,钾肥利用率随施肥量增加而降低。氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力均随着施肥量增加而显著降低(P0.05)。施用氮、磷、钾肥显著提高马铃薯水分利用效率,当氮肥施用量大于240 kg/hm2、钾肥施用量大于135 kg/hm2时水分利用效率降低。不同氮、磷、钾肥水分利用效率增幅分别为19.6%~31.2%、11.2%~12.6%、1.3%~9.5%。本试验条件下,从经济施肥与水分高效利用角度宁南旱地马铃薯氮、磷、钾肥推荐量分别为174.0~189.7、92.2~94.6、113.0~113.7kg/hm2。     

Advances on Detection Methods for Residues of Nitrofurans in Food

Nitrofurans are broad-spectrum antibiotics which have been widely used in food animals to the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections.Due to abuse of drugs by criminals,animals could produce drug-resistant strains,which reduces the role of antibiotics.Meanwhile,excessive drugs residues in food has carcinogenic,teratogenic and mutagenic effects to the human body.In this paper,the damage and the detection methods of the residues of the nitrofurans in food are surveyed.The main detection methods include high performance liquid chromatography,liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,enzyme-linked immunoassay,colloidal gold immunoassay and fluorescence immunity analysis method.The research status of various detection methods are summarized and the suggestions for further research are put forward.It is expected to provide reference for future research.     

Managing soil quality for humanity and the planet

Rather than a human-centric, the basic strategy of achieving Sustainable Development Goals must be focused on restoring and sustaining planetary processes. The urgency of meeting the demands of the humanity must be reconciled with the necessity of enhancing the environment. Increasing and restoring soil organic matter content of the degraded and depleted soils is critical to strengthening planetary processes.     

可食性酪蛋白膜在食品保鲜中的应用

为研究可食性酪蛋白膜对食品贮藏过程中油脂氧化和抗氧化能力的影响,以草莓、马铃薯、鸡胸肉为材料,研究不同可食性酪蛋白膜处理对其蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、抗坏血酸含量、过氧化值、TBA值和正己醛浓度的影响。结果表明,草莓涂膜组的蛋白质、可溶性糖、抗坏血酸含量最高,脂溶性涂膜组次之,水溶性涂膜组稍高于对照组;马铃薯涂膜组比对照组的氧化程度低;鸡胸肉涂膜与未涂膜样品感官明显不同,抗氧化作用明显。由此可知,酪蛋白涂膜液优于涂膜对食品的保鲜效果,脂溶性涂膜效果优于水溶性涂膜,涂膜食品保鲜技术具有较佳的抗氧化能力和抑菌效果,在一定程度上可延长货架期。     

基于卷积神经网络马铃薯叶片病害识别和病斑检测*

针对自然环境下马铃薯叶片病害识别率低和晚疫病斑定位难的问题,基于大田环境中采集的马铃薯叶片图像,首先对马铃薯叶片病害进行识别,对比AlexNet、VGG16、InceptionV3、ResNet50、MobileNet五种神经网络模型,结果表明InceptionV3模型的识别效果准确率最高,可达98.00%。其次对马铃薯叶片的晚疫病斑进行检测,提出一种改进型的CenterNet-SPP模型,该模型通过特征提取网络获取对象的中心点,再通过中心点回归获得中心点偏移量、目标大小等图像信息,训练后的模型在验证集下的mAP可达90.03%,以F₁为评价值分析对比其它目标检测模型,CenterNet-SPP模型的效果最好,准确率为94.93%,召回率为90.34%,F₁值为92.58%,平均检测一张图像耗时0.10 s。为自然环境下马铃薯叶片病害识别和检测提供较为全面的深度学习算法和模型研究基础。     

乌兰察布及周边地区马铃薯脱毒种薯应用现状调查与分析

2011~2014年对乌兰察布周边地区马铃薯脱毒种薯利用情况进行了科学合理的调查,认为该地区不同类型马铃薯种植机构马铃薯脱毒种薯利用率和种植的种薯级别逐年提高。不同马铃薯种植机构逐渐形成符合该种植机构类型应用的马铃薯脱毒种薯级别,形成了马铃薯脱毒种薯应用的梯次,为今后马铃薯脱毒种薯生产和合理应用奠定了基础。     

引入6S管理体系提高个体食品生产者职业素质

介绍了6S管理的内涵、实施方案,以及引入6S管理的必要性与可行性。针对当地个体食品生产者生产馒头的现状,引入6S管理体系,取得了良好的效果。     

酸化红薯粉渣对肉兔生长性能、免疫器官指数和胃肠pH的影响

为探讨酸化红薯粉渣对肉兔生长性能、免疫器官指数和胃肠pH的影响,试验采用单因子完全随机分组设计,选取128只(公母各半)50日龄体重相近的新西兰兔随机分为4个处理组(对照组、试验1组、2组和3组),每组4个重复,分别饲喂含0%、5%、10%、15%酸化红薯粉渣的饲粮。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验2组和3组肉兔日均采食量、平均日增重、胸腺指数和脾脏指数均显著提高(P<0.05),胃pH显著降低(P<0.05);试验1、2和3组腹泻率、十二指肠pH、盲肠pH均有所降低(P>0.05)。由此可见,在饲料中添加适量的酸化红薯粉渣能提高肉兔的生长性能和免疫器官指数,降低胃肠pH,其中添加量为10%~15%效果较理想。     

Nutritional significance of amino acids,vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review

Nutraceuticals have gained immense importance in poultry science recently considering the nutritional and beneficial health effects of their constituents. Besides providing nutritional requirements to birds, nutraceuticals have beneficial pharmacological effects, for example, they help in establishing normal physiological health status, prevent diseases and thereby improve production performance. Nutraceuticals include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. which are important for preventing oxidative stress, regulating the immune response and maintaining normal physiological, biochemical and homeostatic mechanisms. Nutraceuticals help in supplying nutrients in balanced amounts for supporting the optimal growth performance in modern poultry flocks, and as a dietary supplement can reduce the use of antibiotics. The application of antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microbes and drug residues; therefore, they have been restricted in many countries. Thus, there is a demand for natural feed additives that lead to the same growth enhancement without affecting the health. Nutraceuticals substances have an essential role in the development of the animals’ normal physiological functions and in protecting them against infectious diseases. In this review, the uses of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as well as their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of immune system are discussed.