马铃薯的钾素需求及营养诊断

了解马铃薯的钾素营养特点是马铃薯养分管理的基础,综述了马铃薯钾素营养的研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的方向。尽管文献报道的马铃薯需钾量存在差异,但已有的研究结果表明,马铃薯是需钾量较大的作物,其对钾素的需求多于其他元素。而且与小麦等作物相比,马铃薯的钾素营养效率较低。已有的研究还证实土壤交换性钾含量与马铃薯产量的关系并不稳定,仅依靠土壤测试制定钾肥施用方案存在较大的误差,因而马铃薯钾素营养状况诊断并依此指导生育期钾肥施用就显得必要。业已发现叶柄钾浓度能很好的反映马铃薯植株的钾素营养状况,对土壤供钾高度敏感,与块茎产量存在很好的数量关系,因此,用于指导马铃薯施肥的叶柄的临界钾浓度被不同研究人员确立,但干重基础的叶柄钾浓度指标指导施肥实践的时效性较差,这意味着简便快速的诊断方法有待建立。     

Ameliorative effect of potassium on mice and tomato subjected to sodium salinization

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Yamabiko) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Saturn) plants subjected to Na-salinization (NA: 80 mmol( + ) kg^-1 Na) in hydroponics were grown after the addition of K at five concentrations (K1: 10, K2: 20, K3: 30, K4: 40, K5: 50 mmol( + ) kg^-1). The effect of K on their growth was analyzed in terms of transpiration, cation uptake, and transport. A similar tendency for the above parameters was obtained in both species. The addition of 10 mmol( + ) kg^-1 K improved the growth by decreasing the content of Na and increasing the K content of the plants. The growth of the plants, however, was reduced along with the increase of the K concentration and became comparable to that of NA at K5. The total cation content increased with the increase of the K concentration, which was due to the increase of the K content.

A close relationship was observed among the osmotic potential of the solution, cumulative transpiration, and dry weight for both species among the K treatments.

Addition of K suppressed the uptake of other cations by rice and tomato in the order of Na>Mg>Ca, with a very small suppression for Ca and Mg. The depression of Na uptake by K could be due to the antagonism between the two cations.

In rice, the addition of K resulted in a decrease of the uptake concentration (UC) of Na and an increase of that of K, but did not bring about any changes in the UC of Ca and Mg. It was worth noting that K1 and K2 led to a higher UC of Na than NA in tomato, while the trend of the UC of K, Ca, and Mg was similar to that in rice. The transport of Na and Ca to the tops of rice was not affected by the addition of K, while that of Mg increased by K addition. In tomato, the transport of all the cations was promoted by the increase of the K concentration.     

缺钾对水稻不同品种光合和能量耗散的影响

试验测定了钾敏感型(二九丰)和钾钝感型(原丰早)两个水稻品种在缺钾处理41.d后其剑叶的生长、光合光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光参数光响应曲线和暗弛豫动力学曲线。结果表明,缺钾降低了水稻剑叶的光合作用,显著抑制了生长。但是缺钾条件下导致两个水稻品种净光合速率(Pn)下降的主导因子并不相同。在缺钾条件下,原丰早(YFZ)剑叶的Pn随气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的下降而下降,但叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量几乎没有变化,说明其Pn下降主要归于气孔的限制。缺钾处理41.d后,二九丰(EJF)在低光强下[500mol/(m2.s)],Pn随Gs和Ci下降,但在更强的光强下,Pn和Gs继续下降,而Ci开始上升,并在1200mol/(m2.s)处超越了对照,说明此时主导因子不单受气孔限制,还受非气孔因子限制;它的光饱和点从1200mol/(m2.s)下降到大约500mol/(m2.s);同时,其荧光参数Fv/Fm、ФPSII、qP和ETR随光强上升而迅速下降,而L(PFD)、E和PP迅速增加,NPQ在1200mol/(m2.s)光强下上升,但是在高光强下却迅速降低,甚至低于对照,而且Fm、Fv/Fm下降,Fo上升,均说明缺钾处理可能使光合机构受到了伤害,发生了光抑制。对非光化学猝灭的分析得到其中间组分qNm可能起了更大的能量耗散作用,部分激发能从PSⅡ转移到PSⅠ,降低了PSⅡ耗散能量的压力。以上结果表明,两品种对钾敏感性不同极可能也与缺钾条件下光保护能力的差异有关。     

露地洋葱施肥、土壤养分及产量状况的分析研究

在农户调查和土壤测试相结合的基础上,分析了山东惠民县露地洋葱土壤养分状况、肥料投入及其对产量和养分平衡的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥农户占总调查户的44%,平均由有机肥带入的氮磷钾养分量分别为N 170kg hm-2、P2O5112 kg hm-2、K2O 223 kg hm-2。化肥氮、磷投入量较高,平均分别为N 458 kg hm-2和P2O5399 kg hm-2,是洋葱氮磷吸收量的4.0和6.0倍,化学钾肥不足(K2O 131 kg hm-2),占洋葱钾吸收量的55%。收获时0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量达到88 kg hm-2,O lsen-P(P)和速效钾(K)平均含量分别为25.5和104 mg kg-1。自春季返青前到收获期间,30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤无机氮含量均有不同程度的提高,土壤氮表观损失量与氮素投入量呈显著直线相关,维持土壤氮素平衡的最大氮素供应量为290 kg hm-2。相关分析表明,无论是氮、钾化肥投入量还是各阶段土壤无机氮、速效钾含量都与洋葱产量无显著相关,而磷肥用量及0~30 cm土壤剖面O lsen-P含量与产量有显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

4种不同材料包膜尿素对油菜的生长效应

通过盆栽试验研究了自制的4种不同材料包膜尿素对油菜生长效应及品质效应的影响,重点从土壤脲酶活性、油菜产量、品质及肥料利用率等方面对不同包膜肥料进行了评价。选出了一种控释效果较好的包膜肥FSU-4,其一次施用能满足油菜整个生育时期对养分的需求,使油菜生物产量比施用尿素提高70.8%,Vc含量提高7.8%,叶绿素含量提高46.1%,而硝酸盐含量则下降46.0%。施用包膜肥FSU-4比施用尿素N肥利用率提高36%,可有效减少N的损失。研究表明,在油菜生长前期包膜肥对脲酶有抑制,后期则有促进作用,其机理有待进一步深入研究。     

Morphological analysis of viral communities in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field

Capsid size distributions of viral communities in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field under a long-term fertilizer trial were surveyed during the rice cultivation period by using transmission electron microscopy. The capsid size distributions were monophasic, and the median values fell within the range of 50-70 nm. The quartile intervals were narrow from either 40-50 nm or 50-60 nm to either 60-70 nm or 70-80 nm for most samples. There was no clear seasonal variation in the capsid size distribution of viral communities. The difference in size distributions among different fertilizer plots was also not found. Viral communities in the floodwater were predominated by isometric icosahedral forms. Viruses with octahedral capsids and elongated ones were rare and sporadic in the floodwater.     

杂交水稻氮、钾肥施用技术研究

在杂交水稻高产栽培中,根据杂交水稻需肥规律,合理分配和运筹肥料是关键技术。连续2年田间试验结果表明,在杂交水稻前期基蘖肥、中期长粗肥、后期穗肥施氮比例为8∶2∶0和施钾比例为10∶0∶0的习惯比例上,减少总氮量的12%,使前、中、后期用氮比例为8∶0∶2,用钾比例为3∶7∶0,有利于塑造一个稳发缓降的群体,提高水稻的群体质量,培育壮秆大穗而获高产,较习惯比例施肥增产13 4%。     

盐胁迫下转Bt基因棉的K+、Na+转运及SOD活性的变化

通过对转Bt基因棉(苏抗103)和受体棉(苏棉12)在不同浓度盐胁迫条件下的钾钠离子的转运、累积分布以及它们SOD活性和H2O2含量变化的比较,证明了Bt抗虫基因的导入一方面导致棉花植株地上部钾累积增多,根部钾含量降低,从根往地上部的钾转运能力增强,而且根吸收能力也有增强趋势;然而另一方面,受盐胁迫时转Bt基因棉对钾的向上运输选择性减弱,地上部钠积累偏多,盐耐性减弱;SOD活性受盐胁迫影响,下降显著,超氧自由基的清除能力可能受到影响。结果表明,与常规棉有所不同,转Bt基因棉可能不太适宜在盐碱土壤上种植。     

外源钾对三种不同土壤钾转化影响的研究

采用盆栽试验,在黄棕壤,砖红壤,黑土三种土壤上种植烟草,研究了外源钾对土壤中钾转化的影响,结果表明:在黄棕壤,黑土上,0.0-0.8 g kg-1施肥范围内,随着施钾量的增加,土壤中速效钾和缓效钾的总增量、作物的含钾量均在增加,尤其是在0.8 g kg-1施肥水平时,二者超出了施肥的增加量,说明施钾促进了其它钾的释放;三种土壤中粘土矿物含量为:黑土>黄棕壤>砖红壤。     

小麦/蚕豆间作条件下小麦的氮、钾营养对小麦白粉病的影响

通过小麦/蚕豆间作盆栽试验,研究比较了单作和间作条件下不同氮、钾营养水平对小麦氮、钾养分吸收和小麦白粉病发生的影响。结果表明:小麦蚕豆间作提高小麦子粒产量74.7%～133.9%,低氮条件下,间作提高小麦氮吸收量14.7%～169%;在高氮条件下,间作提高氮吸收量的优势降低;间作提高小麦钾吸收量32%～69%,增施钾肥提高小麦钾吸收量25.5%～57.3%。小麦间作蚕豆能明显减轻小麦白粉病的发生,间作平均防效达42.1%～83.1%;小麦白粉病的发生与小麦茎叶的氮吸收量呈显著正相关关系,r=0.623*～0.702*.*。