生物菌肥和钾肥配施对苹果钾素吸收及果实品质的影响

为了研究生物菌肥和钾肥对苹果果实品质及生长发育的协同作用,以7 a生'瓦里短枝'(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,设置T1(K2O 420 kg·hm-2)、T2(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2)、T3(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2+K2O 294 kg·hm-2)、T4(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm...     

耕地细碎化、耕地质量认知与化肥施用效率 ——基于湖北省水稻种植户的调查数据

在中国倡导农业农村绿色发展的大背景下,化肥投入的政策导向逐渐由增量增产转变为减量增效,如何提高化肥施用效率成为当前重点关注的问题。本文依据湖北省水稻种植户微观调查数据,运用随机前沿法测算水稻种植户化肥施用效率,并在此基础上运用CLAD模型进一步分析耕地细碎化程度与耕地质量认知对化肥施用效率的影响。结果表明:当前水稻种植户化肥施用效率仅为63.85%,若完全消除效率损失,化肥施用效率仍有36.15%的提升空间;耕地细碎化程度显著降低了化肥施用效率,可能与农户的避险行为有关;耕地质量认知显著促进了化肥施用效率提升,说明农户对耕地质量的科学认识能够改善化肥施用效率。因此,提出加快耕地整合与耕地连片经营法律法规建设,加速耕地细碎化治理经验与创新结合,加强引导农户对化肥施用的正确认知,推行科学种植生产模式以提升化肥施用效率的政策建议。     

不同钾肥水平对小麦品质和产量的影响

为了给黑龙江省小麦生产提供施肥依据,研究了黑龙江省小麦东部主产区施用钾肥对小麦品质和产量的影响.结果表明:适量的钾肥可增加小麦的株高、穗长、茎粗,延长面团的稳定时间,提高面粉的粉质质量指数,提高小麦的品质,产量较对照增加6.64%.兼顾产量与品质两个方面,在黑龙江省东部白浆土小麦主产区春小麦的适宜钾肥施用量为66.7～88.9 kg/hm2.     

不同煤基腐殖酸对土壤锌淋洗效果的研究

为了研究不同煤基腐殖酸对土壤锌的淋洗效果,从而进一步探讨其调控土壤锌移动性的效果,采用土柱淋洗方法,研究了11种煤基腐殖酸及EDTA在2种淋洗方式（去离子水淋洗和5% KCl溶液淋洗）下对土壤Zn的淋洗效果的影响。结果表明：11种煤基腐殖酸处理下,去离子水淋洗液中Zn含量与CK2相比,1~10号煤基腐殖酸对土壤Zn都有一定的钝化作用,降低了Zn在土壤中的迁移性,而11号煤基腐殖酸增强了Zn在土壤中的迁移性,但11种煤基腐殖酸处理下的淋洗效果均低于EDTA处理下的淋洗效果。同时,5% KCl溶液对Zn的淋洗效果好于去离子水。     

减少蔬菜碳足迹的主要肥料合理用量分析——以浏阳蔬菜生产合作社为例

肥料是影响作物产量和农业碳排放的主要因子之一。研究基于减少单位产量碳足迹,探讨主要肥料的合理用量。对浏阳4个合作社中黄瓜、苦瓜、豆角、莴笋、苋菜、茄子等8种蔬菜生产进行3年定点调查,并对相关数据进行统计分析。结果表明:每季蔬菜生产氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、厩肥施用量依次为:0、327.2、0、48936 kg/hm2,可使单位产量碳足迹减少85.85%,产量提高24.11%。因此,浏阳发展高效低碳蔬菜种植产业关键施肥技术在于减少氮肥与钾肥的使用,控制磷肥的用量,增施厩肥。     

不同施肥条件下微生物对棕壤团聚体和碳分布的影响

以北京市延庆县绿富隆有机肥蔬菜研究基地长期定位肥料试验地为试验平台,利用湿筛法获得不同粒级的团聚体,通过16SrDNA-PCR-DGGE技术进行测序分析,研究不同施肥条件下微生物群落对棕壤土团聚体和碳分布的影响。结果表明,有机肥(OF)处理的0.25～2 mm水稳性团聚体增加,增加幅度为109.0%;0.053～0.25 mm和小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体的含量均下降,与CK(不施肥)相比分别下降了31.9%和142.1%。OF处理对土壤各粒级团聚体中碳含量均有显著提高,与CK相比,提高15.2%～46.9%,其中大于2 mm团聚体中碳含量提高了46.9%。棕壤碳含量与大于2 mm粒级团聚体含量呈正相关;与0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体呈极显著正相关;与0.053～0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量呈极显著负相关;与小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体呈显著负相关。     

Short-term effects of nitrogen on methane oxidation in soils

 The short-term effects of N addition on CH₄ oxidation were studied in two soils. Both sites are unfertilized, one has been under long-term arable rotation, the other is a grassland that has been cut for hay for the past 125 years. The sites showed clear differences in their capacity to oxidise CH₄, the arable soil oxidised CH₄ at a rate of 0.013 μg CH₄ kg^–1 h^–1 and the grassland soil approximately an order of magnitude quicker. In both sites the addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ caused an immediate reduction in the rate of atmospheric CH₄ oxidation approximately in inverse proportion to the amount of NH₄ ⁺ added. The addition of KNO₃ caused no change in the rate of CH₄ oxidation in the arable soil, but in the grassland soil after 9 days the rate of CH₄ oxidation had decreased from 0.22 μg CH₄ kg^–1 h^–1 to 0.13 μg CH₄ kg^–1 h^–1 in soil treated with the equivalent of 192 kg N ha^–1. A ¹⁵N isotopic dilution technique was used to investigate the role of nitrifiers in regulating CH₄ oxidation. The arable soil showed a low rate of gross N mineralisation (0.67 mg N kg^–1 day^–1), but a relatively high proportion of the mineralised N was nitrified. The grassland soil had a high rate of gross N mineralisation (18.28 mg N kg^–1 day^–1), but negligible nitrification activity. It is hypothesised that since there was virtually no nitrification in the grassland soil then CH₄ oxidation at this site must be methanotroph mediated. Received: 31 October 1997     

地轮驱动离心式化肥撒布机的设计与试验

设计了一种由地轮驱动的离心式化肥撒布机，对其撒肥性能进行了试验，测定了撒肥量、撒肥幅宽、撒肥形状、撒肥均匀性，并进行了搭接撒施的均匀撒肥试验，该机与人工撒肥进行了比较。结果表明，这种新型的地轮驱动离心式化肥撒布机完全能满足使用要求。     

Exchangeable potassium and potassium balances in organic crop rotations on a coarse sand

Abstract. Crops on sandy soils (<5% clay) are exposed to K deficiency due to the small release and high leaching losses of K. Reliable tools are needed to improve the K management in cropping systems with limited K input, such as organic farming where import of nutrients are restricted according to the EC regulations. We investigated K balances and exchangeable K (K_exch) changes in an organic crop rotation experiment. Potassium leaching decreased from 42 kg ha⁻¹ in 1998/99 to 21 kg ha⁻¹ in 2000/01 as an average of a crop rotation (spring barley, grass-clover, winter wheat and pea/barley) with manure application and without catch crops. In the same period, spring K_exch decreased from 5.0 to 3.0 mg K 100 g soil⁻¹ (0–20 cm). The retention of the straw K left in the field after harvest increased with decreasing levels of K_exch. The cereal crops did not respond to K application but in the pea/barley mixture the pea yield increased by 46%. The concordance between measured K balances and changes in K_exch was weak. Exchangeable K is suitable as a tool for K management on a rotational basis, and a K_exch above 3 mg 100 g soil⁻¹ in the autumn should be avoided to minimize K leaching.     

不同氮肥及肥料组合对芹菜生长和硝酸盐含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了氮肥品种组合及不同肥料配施对芹菜生长和硝酸盐含量的影响.结果表明氮肥中的氯化铵、硫酸铵及其配合施用有利于降低芹菜体内硝酸盐含量,减少土壤NO3--N积累;肥料组合正交试验结果表明几种肥料对芹菜产量影响的主次关系为尿素＞硫酸钾＞石灰＞油枯,对芹菜硝酸盐积累影响的主次关系为尿素＞油枯＞硫酸钾＞石灰.施用油枯和石灰,芹菜硝酸盐显著积累,但其用量水平间差异不显著.随着尿素施用量的增加,芹菜硝酸盐含量大幅度增加.钾肥能提高芹菜的产量并降低硝酸盐含量.统计分析表明油枯1125 kg/hm2,尿素495 kg/hm2,硫酸钾600 kg/hm2,石灰0 kg/hm2的配合施用在促进芹菜高产方面最为适宜.