小鼠感染肝片吸虫早期IL-4/IFN-γ及M2巨噬细胞标记分子的变化

为弄清肝片吸虫感染早期的主要细胞免疫类型及选择性激活巨噬细胞(M2或AAMΦ)标记分子的变化,本试验采用肝片吸虫囊蚴为感染源,经口分别感染雌性BALB/c野生型小鼠,运用特异性PCR鉴定成功感染小鼠后用间接ELISA对腹腔中IL-4和IFN-γ的水平进行测定,并对细胞因子IL-4、转录因子GATA3和M2的标记蛋白Relm a、Ym1分子的mRNA进行荧光定量PCR检测.结果显示,在感染后1,3,5,7周,从所获取肝脏组织中扩增的ITS2片段条带清晰,大小正确,测序后确定为肝片吸虫ITS2序列,表明肝片吸虫感染成功.对腹腔中IL-4和IFN-γ的水平测定表明感染组IL-4在感染后1,3,5周比对照组的显著增加(P=0.013,P＜0.01,P=0.02),但在第7周时无显著差异.IL-4的水平显著高于IFN-γ(P=0.011),而在第7周两者间无显著差异；对腹腔中IL-4、GATA3、Relm α和Ym1 mRNA水平的测定结果表明,感染后IL-4和GATA3 mRNA水平在第3周达到最高峰；于感染后1,3,5,7周,IL-4和GATA3 mRNA水平都分别显著高于对照组(IL4:P=0.01,P=0.012,P=0.023,P=0.014;GATA3:P=0.011,P＜0.01,P=0.032,P=0.014),但IL-4和GATA3间无显著差异；Relm α和Ym1mRNA水平都分别显著高于对照组(Relm α:P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P=0.011;Ym1:P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P=0.012),且二者间无显著差异,并随时间推移mRNA水平都呈下降趋势,于第7周达到最低水平.本研究成功利用肝片吸虫-小鼠模型研究蠕虫感染早期细胞免疫类型及M2标记分子的变化,发现在肝片吸虫感染小鼠早期主要引起Th2为主的细胞免疫.IL-4和M2巨噬细胞标记分子Relm α和Ym1在感染后1,3,5,7周都显著增加且具有相似的变化趋势,但nelmα和Ym1在第1周的高表达可能受诸多因素的影响还有待深入研究.     

不同香型烤烟CO_2膨胀前后品质的比较研究

[目的]比较不同香型烤烟CO2膨胀前后品质变化。[方法]开展了3种主要香型烟叶CO2膨胀试验,对各样品烟丝膨胀前后的物理性能、化学成分、烟气指标和内在质量进行检测分析。[结果]清香型烟叶经过CO2膨胀,还原糖、挥发酸、焦油和烟碱含量平均降幅最大,香气质、香气量和柔细度改善或保持最佳;浓香型烟叶的平均膨胀效果最明显,总糖、总氮含量平均变化最大,杂气、刺激性、透发性和浓度改善或保持最佳;中间香型烟叶CO2膨胀后总植物碱、氯和蛋白质含量平均变化明显,重量、口数、总粒相物以及CO 4项指标降幅最大,甜度、余味指标有更好提升。[结论]不同香型烤烟各项理化、感官指标受膨胀影响程度有所差别,烤烟香型与CO2膨胀具有一定的关联性。     

基于2D DWT与MobileNetV3融合的轻量级茶叶病害识别

针对现有茶叶病害识别方法病害信息挖掘不足导致识别准确率低的问题，该研究提出了一种基于二维离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transform, DWT)和MobileNetV3融合的茶叶病害识别模型CBAM-TealeafNet。为增强网络对病害频域特征的检测能力，将2D DWT获取的频域特征与bneck结构提取的深度特征融合，形成频域与深度特征融合的识别网络。为提高特征提取能力，在bneck结构中，嵌入卷积块注意模块 (convolutional block attention module, CBAM)，为特征通道分配相应权重。为解决样本类别不平衡对识别模型性能的影响，利用焦点损失函数取代交叉熵损失函数以提高识别精度。经验证，CBAM-TealeafNet在5种不同茶叶病害上整体识别准确率达到98.70%，参数量为3.16×10⁶，相对MobileNetV3，准确率提升2.15个百分点，参数量降低25.12%。该方法可为茶树叶部等作物病害轻量级识别研究提供模型参考。     

Genetic Variability in Phosphorus Acquisition and Utilization Efficiency from Sparingly Soluble P-Sources by Brassica Cultivars under P-Stress Environment

Plants display an array of classical strategies to maximize phosphate (Pi) acquisition from sparingly soluble P sources. Acclimation to Pi-stress via elegant Pi-starvation induced (PSI) adjustments would reduce our current overreliance on expensive, polluting and non-renewable Pi-fertilizers. Nevertheless, differences in the ability of various species to solubilize sparingly soluble P-sources have been often evidenced; inter-cultivar variations are scarcely documented. Brassica is known as an effective, non-mycorrhizal user of sparingly soluble P-sources. Various growth parameters and biomass accumulation by genetically diverse Brassica cultivars were determined in four experiments using hydroponics and quartz sand culture media. Role of PSI root mediated pH changes, organic anions (OAs) exudation and altered root architecture in mobilization and acquisition of sparingly soluble P-forms [Jordan rock-P (RP) at 2 g l⁻¹ and Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (TCP) at 0.2 g l⁻¹ respectively] was investigated. Cultivars showed considerable genetic variations in biomass accumulation, various growth parameters and root–shoot ratio. Concentration and total uptake of P, specific absorption rate of P, P-transport rate and P-utilization efficiency (PUE) were also significantly (P < 0.001) different for various cultivars and their dry matter was significantly correlated with P-uptake [r = 0.94** (significant at 1% level)]. P-tolerant cultivars showed substantial decrease in solution media pH because of H⁺ efflux and exuded more carboxylates than low P-sensitive cultivars under P-starvation. P-uptake by cultivars increased linearly with decreasing pH. The amount and types of OAs exuded from the roots of P-starved plants differed from those of plants grown under P-sufficient environment. In split pot study, with TCP and RP supplied spatially separated from other nutrients, efficient cultivars were still able to mobilize RP and TCP more efficiently than inefficient cultivars. In rhizobox study, the elongation rates of primary roots decreased but the elongation rates of the branched zones of primary roots and the length of lateral roots increased under P-starvation. Tested cultivars showed genetic diversity in accessing, mobilization, acquisition and utilization of Pi from sparingly soluble P forms. An arrange marriage of plant traits can explain cultivar’s access to different forms of sparingly soluble P, and in addition to altered lateral root topology and enhanced P-uptake and PUE, enhanced H⁺ efflux and OAs exudation are key factors in Pi scavenging from extra cellular sparingly soluble P-forms.     

超级稻Y两优2号在三亚高产栽培技术探讨

Y两优2号是国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心选育的超级杂交稻新组合，2011年创造了世界较大面积产量最高纪录13.9 t/hm2。该组合根系发达，分蘖力较强，穗大粒多，结实率高，具有株叶形态理想、熟期适中、适应性广、高产稳产、优质多抗等特点。2011～2012年在海南省三亚市种植，实际产量为11.74 t/ hm2，达到了该生态条件下产量的超高产水平。本文基于水稻叶龄模式和水稻高产群体质量指标，从精确定量施肥、科学湿润灌溉等方面对高产栽培技术作了阐述。从播栽期、培育壮秧、合理基本苗、行株距、施肥、水分管理等方面进行了Y两优2号栽培技术的精确定量。提出Y两优2号超高产栽培应在协调穗、粒、重发展的基础上充分发挥该品种分蘖力较强、穗大粒多的优势，采取前期尽早攻穗，中后期增粒、保重的栽培策略。     

Ni/Al2O3-MxOy催化剂催化松香氢化反应研究

研究了自制非贵金属纳米催化剂Ni/Al2O3-MxOy催化松香的氢化反应。结果表明,松香氢化的最适工艺条件为:反应温度210℃、反应压力4.5 MPa、反应时间2 h、催化剂用量2.5%、搅拌转速500 r/min,在此条件下枞酸转化率可达98%以上,催化剂可重复使用4次。     

Carbon Fluxes from Different Pools in a Mined Area under Reclamation in Minas Gerais State,Brazil

Despite the benefits of grass cultivation and organic fertilization in mining areas undergoing reclamation, these practices may be associated to CO₂ emissions and soil organic matter (SOM) losses by priming effect. In the present study, we evaluated the changes on SOM pools and C–CO₂ emissions in a bauxite‐mined area under reclamation fertilized with poultry litter (PL) (0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha⁻¹) and cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha . Increases of about 3·5 times in the soil labile C were observed 1 year after experiment establishment. High C–CO₂ fluxes and a significant positive priming effect were observed in the presence of B. brizantha , increasing native C mineralization by nearly 4·9 times. Nevertheless, no net soil C loss was detected, probably because of the C inputs derived from B. brizantha , which offset these losses. In fact, the grass increased total organic C by 45% when fertilized with 40 Mg PL ha⁻¹. The data obtained suggest that the cultivation of B. brizantha fertilized with PL can be a promising option for rapid recovery in SOM in areas under reclamation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

禽大肠杆菌巴氏杆菌融合二联弱毒菌株F4安全性免疫原性研究

用禽巴氏杆菌C48-1(5∶A)禽大肠杆菌O78的原生质体融合二联弱毒株F4的37℃24h马丁肉汤培养物,以3.45×109～6.90×1010CFU/只的4种不同剂量,分别肌肉注射接种5～40日龄粤黄鸡共216只,观察14d,结果表明F4株对20日龄以上的鸡安全性达100%。F4株的培养物肌注鸡体后4h从肝脏分离,如此连续通过粤黄鸡10代的试验表明,F4株的毒力是稳定的。以F4株的培养物3.45×109CFU/只肌注免疫200只20日龄粤黄鸡,免疫后第14天起每隔2周、直至第12周分别以C48-1、O78标准强毒菌的3×LD50剂量攻击;同时分别制备O78菌的超声粉碎抗原、菌体抗原、荚膜多糖抗原,C48-1菌的超声粉碎抗原、热稳定抗原、荚膜多糖抗原,建立检测血清中抗O78、C48-1的ELISA方法;免疫后每隔1周分别检测免疫鸡血清中的O78、C48-1IgG效价,直至免疫后84d。结果表明:F4株免疫后对O78的免疫保护率为14d50%、28d70%、42d65%、56d50%、84d35%,对C48-1的免疫保护率为14d25%、28d40%、42d75%、56d50%、84d30%。免疫鸡血清中抗O78、抗C48-1的IgG消长曲线均与免疫保护曲线相一致。