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31.
32.
春麦田除草剂的应用与杂草群落演替 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
作者采用定点定位试验,对春麦田除草剂应用与杂草群落演替趋势进行研究。结果表明:在杂草群落多样性麦田,小麦连作并分别连续5年施用同一种除草剂,原杂草群落中占优势的靶标杂草得以控制,而非靶标杂草和抗、耐药性杂草因失去竞争和制约对象而猖獗发展,发生量较原来增加几倍至几十倍,并形成优势种群,对小麦造成新的更严重的危害。一种除草剂在同田块连续施用4年,由于杂草群落演替,抗、耐药杂草兴起,除草效果显著下降而失去其使用意义。作者提出除草剂配套使用、轮用、混用等措施,并配合以合理的轮作制度,以减轻杂草群落长期受到单一的定向选择性压力。 相似文献
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Traffic has a considerable effect on population and community dynamics through the disruption and fragmentation of habitat
and traffic mortality. This paper deals with a systematic way to acquire knowledge about the probabilities of successful road
crossing by mammals and what characteristics affect this traversability. We derive a model from traffic flow theory to estimate
traffic mortality in mammals related to relevant road, traffic and species characteristics. The probability of successful
road crossing is determined by the pavement width of the road, traffic volume, traversing speed of the mammals and their body
length. We include the traversability model in a simple two-patch population model to explore the effects of these road, traffic
and species characteristics on population dynamics. Analysis of the models show that, for our parameter ranges, traffic volume
and traversing speed have the largest effect on traffic mortality. The population size is especially negatively affected when
roads have to be crossed during the daily movements. These predictions could be useful to determine the expected effectiveness
of mitigating measures relative to the current situation. Mitigating measures might alter the road and traffic characteristics.
The effects of these changes on traffic mortality and population dynamics could be analysed by calculating the number of traffic
victims before and after the mitigating measures.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
36.
Total weed control within a crop is both difficult and expensive to achieve, so that some weeds will often remain to set seed. The seed production resulting from these weeds will ultimately affect the sustainability of the weed control strategy. If too much is allowed to return each season there could be a gradual, but significant, increase in the potential weed flora over a number of seasons. Field trials were carried out in 2000 and 2001 to quantify the potential magnitude of this weed seed return from Chenopodium album L., grown at two planting densities either in pure stands or in competition with one of two crops (cabbage or onion). Crop and weed weights and weed seed production were notably greater in 2001. Both dry weight and seed production of C. album were suppressed by increasing planting density or by the presence of crop, with cabbage having a more suppressive effect. Despite the plasticity in seed production, a linear relationship was demonstrated between log weed seed production and log weed biomass that was robust over a range of competitive situations with onion and cabbage, at different planting densities and in growing seasons. The study also demonstrated that the relationship could be combined with an existing simple competition model to allow the consequences of incomplete weed control to be assessed in terms of potential weed seed return. 相似文献
37.
Aida Raio Raffaele Peluso Xavier Nesme Astolfo Zoina 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(2):163-174
Agrobacteria were previously isolated from tumors developing on branches and aerial and hypogeous roots of weeping fig plants in Italy and in The Netherlands. A representative group of 48 strains was analyzed by PCR–RFLP of 16S and 16S + IGS ribosomal regions, PCR–RFLP of six Ti plasmid (pTi) regions and characterized for plasmid content. Two groups of agrobacteria were separated by cluster analysis of PCR–RFLP profiles of rrs gene: seventeen strains were similar to the new species Agrobacterium larrymoorei, while the remaining strains were included within the agrobacterium biovar 1 group. Sixteen different plasmid profiles from one to five plasmids were observed. In addition, 21 ribotypes and 20 pTi structures were arranged in many different combinations, showing that fig agrobacteria were characterized by a wide heterogeneity. A general lack of correlation between strain ribotypes and plasmid content was observed. 相似文献
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为探究亚高山雌雄异株草本植物乳白香青对生境的适应方式,通过测定5个草地群落(A-老芒麦改良草地,B-虉草改良草地,C-天然草地,D-天然草甸,E-沙化草地)中乳白香青种群数、种群密度和面积、分布系数、性比组成,以及雌雄株构件性状、生物量配比、水分分配及抗性物质含量等参数,研究群落组成对乳白香青种群特征、雌雄株形态可塑性及抗性的影响。结果表明,5个草地群落的优势种、群落密度、基盖度、物种密度和优势种高度及土壤理化性状的显著差异(P<0.05),使不同群落中乳白香青种群特征显著不同,群落类型对种群特征参数影响顺序为种群面积>种群密度>性比>年龄结构>种群数>分布系数;D群落中乳白香青种群数和分布系数最高,C中乳白香青种群面积和密度最大,E中乳白香青种群数仅分别为D和C中的30.21%和35.11%,分布系数仅为C中的36.04%;群落类型对乳白香青种群年龄结构和性比有显著影响(P<0.05),雌株数为雄株的2.22~7.03倍;叶数和叶面积、株高和茎径、根长、小花数和苞片层数有显著的性别差异(P<0.05),群落类型对雌雄株的叶数和叶面积、株高、根数、花序数和小花数有显著影响,对雄株茎径和苞片层数有显著影响;雄株总生物量和花分配比显著高于雌株,而根分配比显著低于雌株(P<0.05),群落类型对乳白香青生物量配比有显著影响,雌株生物量配比受影响顺序为花>总生物量>叶>根>茎,雄株受影响顺序为花>茎>叶>总生物量>根;雄株茎、叶、花含水量显著高于雌株(P<0.05),根含水量在性别间和群落间差异较小,雌株构件含水量受群落类型影响顺序为花>茎>叶>根,雄株为叶>茎>花>根。雄株中MDA含量高于雌株,雌株中H2O2含量及T-AOC活性大于雄株(P<0.05),群落组成对雌、雄株中H2O2和MDA含量及T-AOC活性有极显著影响(P<0.01)。A和B中H2O2和MDA含量最低,E中H2O2和MDA达最大值,而T-AOC活性最低。雌、雄个体均能依据群落生境调整生长策略,通过构件性状、生物量配比、水分分配和抗性生理等适应性变化,使种群具有与生境匹配的种群特征,利于提高种群适合度和生活史完成。 相似文献
40.
对径向谐和激励下圆形隧道的动力稳定性进行了研究,从动荷载下衬砌结构的振动方程出发,得到了隧道衬砌动力失稳临界频率计算公式,对可能影响隧道衬砌动力稳定性的因素进行了参数分析,探讨了系统参数,如地基土的性质、衬砌径厚比、外激励的性质以及系统的阻尼对衬砌动力稳定性的影响,计算结果表明:隧道周围土体的性质以及系统阻尼对衬砌的动力稳定性影响不大;相反,衬砌的厚度和外激励特性对衬砌的动力不稳定区域影响较大 相似文献