基于改进级联神经网络的大豆叶部病害诊断模型

针对大豆叶部病害性状特征与病种之间的模糊性和不确定性,将数字图像处理技术与神经网络智能推理技术相结合,充分挖掘大豆受病害胁迫后表现性状与病种之间的潜在规律,提出了基于改进级联神经网络的大豆病害诊断模型。首先利用自制载物模板无损采集大田大豆叶部病害数字图像,计算病斑区域的形状特征、颜色特征及纹理特征14维度特征参数;为突显各方面特征对于不同病害种类决定作用的差异性,构建各子神经网络并联的第1级网络,第2级网络的输入为第1级网络的输出,利用多维特征各自优势来自动取得病种模式推理规则,建立了用于大豆叶部病害自动诊断的两级级联神经网络模型,仿真实验准确率为97.67%;同时应用量子遗传计算优化级联神经网络参数,平均迭代次数为743,平均网络误差为0.000 995 445,提高了学习效率,实现了大豆叶部病害的高效自动诊断和精确测报,为大田农作物全面系统地开展作物病害监测、智能施药及自动防治提供了理论依据。     

土壤类型对优先流路径和磷形态影响的定量评价

以中国贡嘎山由青灰色砂质冰水堆积物发育而成的疏松岩性土壤和德国厄尔士山渍水土壤优先流路径为研究对象,通过野外染色示踪试验和改进的Hedley磷形态提取法,使用优先流染色面积比和优先流程度评价指数定量评价不同类型土壤的优先流程度,通过相关关系分析进一步揭示不同土壤类型中优先流路径对磷形态分布的影响。结果表明:贡嘎山和厄尔士山优先流图片总染色面积比分别为31%和52%,厄尔士山渍水土优先流比贡嘎山疏松岩性土发育较好。贡嘎山疏松岩性土壤优先流发育程度与潜在生物可利用无机磷和有机磷贡献率显著正相关,而即时生物有效无机磷和磷灰石磷与厄尔士山渍水土壤优先流发育程度显著正相关。土壤类型影响优先流路径分布和土壤磷形态分布,从而影响土壤磷赋存状况和下游水质安全。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

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After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

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From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

Ergosterol and microbial biomass relationship in soil

Ergosterol and microbial biomass C were measured in 26 arable, 16 grassland and 30 forest soils. The ergosterol content ranged from 0.75 to 12.94 g g^-1 soil. The geometric mean ergosterol content of grassland and forest soils was around 5.5 g g^-1, that of the arable soils 2.14 g g^-1. The ergosterol was significantly correlated with biomass C in the entire group of soils, but not in the subgroups of grassland and forest soils. The geometric mean of the ergosterol: microbial biomass C ratio was 6.0 mg g^-1, increasing in the order grassland (5.1), arable land (5.4) and woodland (7.2). The ergosterol:microbial biomass C ratio had a strong negative relationship with the decreasing cation exchange capacity and soil pH, indicating that the fungal part of the total microbial biomass in soils increased when the buffer capacity decreased. The average ergosterol concentration calculated from literature data was 5.1 mg g^-1 fungal dry weight. Assuming that fungi contain 46% C, the conversion factor from micrograms ergosterol to micrograms fungal biomass C is 90. For soil samples, neither saponification of the extract nor the more effective direct saponification during extraction seems to be really necessary.     

一种土壤微生物总DNA的高效提取方法

获得高浓度、大片段、多样性程度高的土壤微生物总DNA 是研究土壤微生物群落结构的分子生态学基础。本文采用间接法(菌体细胞回收法)提取红壤地区两种土壤类型的土壤微生物总DNA,定量计算其回收率,并与直接法(细胞原位裂解法)比较了提取效率和纯度。结果表明:红壤地区2种土壤每克干土的总DNA提取量,间接法约为0.34和0.53礸/g干土,直接法约为13.62和24.32礸/g干土;间接法的提取效率低于直接法,但所得DNA片段较大,且Sau 3AⅠ 酶切和16 S rDNA通用引物PCR扩增结果显示,间接法比直接法更能有效地去除土壤中的某些抑制剂,所得总DNA的纯度更高,有利于后续操作。     

土壤养分有效性测定及其方法

在提出土壤养分有效性测定概念的基础上 ,本文对各种土壤养分有效性的测定方法进行了总结 ,讨论了这些方法的测定机理、测定效果及近几年的进展。这些方法包括用于磷钾等元素测定的树脂法、用于氮测定的生物培养法和化学提取法、磷测定的氧化铁试纸法和氢氧化铁透析管法和钾的四苯硼钠法     

槐花中黄酮类物质提取工艺的研究

该文研究了水提法、传统的醇回流法提取槐花总黄酮类化合物的提取工艺,并使用正交试验确定了最佳提取条件。试验结果表明:槐花中总黄酮类物质的最佳提取条件为B2C3A2,即用2倍量40%的乙醇连续回流提取3次(每次2h)     

植物多糖的提取及对双歧杆菌的增殖作用

采用水提法提取枸杞、红枣、甘薯、淮山4种植物原料及花菇多糖,正交设计优化提取条件,并将植物提取多糖用于双歧杆菌的增殖试验。结果表明,植物多糖提取优化条件,加水比例分别为:枸杞、红枣1∶10,花菇1∶15,甘薯1∶3,淮山1∶9;提取温度:80～95℃;提取时间1～3h。5种原料在优化条件下的多糖提取率相对于植物取样质量分别为:枸杞51.8%、红枣53.2%、花菇28.2%、甘薯18.8%、淮山18.3%。5种原料提取多糖对双歧杆菌的增殖作用:菌体在对数生长期生长速率常数(R)提高135%～85%,世代时间(G)缩短56%～44%。     

超临界CO_2流体萃取技术提取核桃油的研究

以新鲜的核桃仁为原料 ,研究了在超临界状态下物料的粉碎度、萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间对核桃油萃取效果的影响。结果表明 ,超临界 CO2 流体萃取核桃油的最佳工艺条件为粉碎度 3 0目、萃取压强 3 0 MPa、萃取温度 4 5℃、萃取时间 5 h,此条件下核桃油的萃取率可达 93 .98%。     

超声波辅助提取圣女果番茄红素及其抗氧化活性研究

以圣女果为原料,采用超声波辅助提取法提取圣女果中的番茄红素,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对该提取工艺进行优化,同时利用清除DPPH·法和·OH法评价圣女果番茄红素的抗氧化活性。结果表明,超声波辅助提取圣女果番茄红素的最佳工艺条件为:以体积比为7∶1的乙酸乙酯-丙酮溶液为提取剂,料液比1∶7(g/m L),超声功率280 W,超声温度70℃,超声时间50 min。在该工艺条件下,番茄红素提取量为63.2μg/g。圣女果番茄红素对DPPH·和·OH具有较强的清除能力,且与番茄红素浓度呈明显的量效关系,表明圣女果番茄红素具有强的抗氧化活性,可作为一种天然抗氧化剂。