水稻地挂袋栽培平菇总结

在水稻地里挂袋栽培平菇,对水稻产量基本无影响,可产平菇1500kg/667m2,可创产值2400元/667m2,扣除成本1840元/667m2,可增效益560元/667m2。且栽培技术简单易掌握,具有很高的推广应用价值。     

套袋对葡萄果实品质的影响

试验使用日光袋、防鸟袋、纸浆袋和无纺布袋4种葡萄专用袋对夏黑无核、红罗莎里奥、红宝石无核、温可5个不同成熟期的葡萄品种进行套袋处理,研究了套袋对不同成熟期葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明,套袋处理可以提高果穗周围温度和湿度,套袋处理后,葡萄品质会受到不同程度的影响,其中日光袋能够提高夏黑无核和温可的总糖含量、花青素含量、单粒重等果实品质指标;而4种套袋处理均不同程度地降低红罗莎里奥、红宝石无核的果实品质,综合来看,日光袋和无纺布袋的处理效果相对好于防鸟袋和纸浆袋的处理。     

茶粉/聚丙烯复合材料加速老化性能

为高值化利用茶产业剩余物资源,拓宽木塑复合材料中植物纤维来源,以废弃茶梗(tea stalk,TS)为有机填料,与聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)制备了TS/PP复合材料;同时为研究其户外应用和老化机制,考察了冻融循环老化对TS/PP复合材料力学性能、材色及热性能的影响,并用傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrum,FTIR)、扫描电镜(scanning electronic microscopy,SEM)等分析了复合材料的化学结构、表面形貌及老化机制。结果表明:在经历12次冻融循环老化后,复合材料的弯曲强度、缺口冲击强度、弯曲模量及硬度值保留率分别为28.9%、40.1%、34.5%和86.5%,复合材料的亮度变化值(△L*)、红绿轴色品指数变化值(△a*)、黄蓝轴色品指数变化值(△b*)及色差值△E分别为16.41、2.80、9.03和18.93;复合材料维卡软化点(vicat softing point,VSP)下降了2.9℃,茶粉组分的最快热降解温度降低了4℃;茶粉中木素苯环结构红外吸收峰强度减弱甚至消失,表明在冻融循环老化中茶粉中木素成分发生了降解。SEM显示随冻融循环次数增加,TS/PP复合材料表面裂纹数量增多,裂纹深度和宽度增大,甚至出现交叉裂纹。该研究结果可为进一步探索茶塑复合材料制备及老化规律,提供试验数据和理论参考。     

苹果渣营养成分及粗蛋白瘤胃降解率的研究

为了研究苹果渣用作牛饲料的饲用价值,对苹果渣进行营养成分分析。研究中4头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的公牛,采用尼龙袋法测定苹果渣中粗蛋白(CP)的瘤胃降解率。研究结果表明:苹果渣中含有较高的营养物质,且适口性较好,可用作牛的饲料。瘤胃降解率测定说明苹果渣中粗蛋白(CP)在0h、6h、12h、24h、36h、48h时间段的降解率分别为11.59%、28.63%、38.82%、43.73%、62.60%、72.86%。4头公牛之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。动态降解率为43.42%,其所含蛋白质的品质较好。     

土工布在旧水泥混凝土路面补强中的应用

分析旧路补强的原理及补强方法，就土工布应用特性作一介绍，使用专用土工布能有效减缓沥青混凝土面层反射开裂。     

采用土工织物过滤的河床取水井

为了扩大土工织物的应用领域，介绍了利用河床凸岸的砂卵石冲积层作为滤料，采用土工织物起隔离保砂作用，使原河水通过滤层得到净化的河床取水井，并阐明了供水工艺流程，取水井的特点与构造，土工织物的设计，引水管和取水井渗流量的分析计算及技术经济比较。     

聚丙烯—一种潜在的管道覆盖层新型材料

包覆聚乙烯是当前钢质管道所用的主要防腐层之一，但是，它存在着易发生环境应力开裂，使用温度较低的缺点，聚丙烯作为管道包覆材料，与聚乙烯相比有其相同之处，两者的流劝指数相差不大，力学性质相当，只是聚丙烯的硬度和刚度大一些，不同之处；聚丙烯的耐环境环境温度高于聚乙烯，聚丙烯在－２０℃条件下都具有良好的冲击强度，这对于要求施工环境温度低，生产使用温度高，并有表面活性介质的环境中的长输原油管道来说，聚丙烯将     

Mass loss and nutrient release during litter decay in peatland: The role of microbial adaptability to litter chemistry

In peatlands the reduced decomposition rate of plant litter is the fundamental mechanism making these peat-accumulating ecosystems effective carbon sinks. A better knowledge of litter decomposition and nutrient cycling is thus crucial to improve our predictions of the effects of anthropogenic perturbation on the capacity of peatlands to continue to behave as carbon sinks. We investigated patterns of plant litter decomposition and nutrient release along a minerotrophic-ombrotrophic gradient in a bog on the south-eastern Alps of Italy. We determined mass loss as well as P, N, K, and C release of seven vascular plant species and four moss species after 1 year in both native and transplanted habitats. Hence, differences in litter decay were supposed to reflect the degree of adaptability of microbial communities to litter quality. Polyphenols/nutrient and C/nutrient quotients appeared as the main parameters accounting for decomposition rates of Sphagnum litter. In particular, litter of minerotrophic Sphagnum species decomposed always faster than litter of ombrotrophic Sphagnum species, both in native and transplanted habitats. Decomposition rates of vascular plant litter in native habitats were always higher than the corresponding mass loss rates of Sphagnum litter. Minerotrophic forbs showed the fastest decomposition both in native and transplanted habitats in accordance with low C/P and C/N litter quotients. On the other hand, C/P quotient seems to play a primary role also in controlling decomposition of graminoids. Decomposition of deciduous and evergreen shrubs was negatively related to their high lignin content. Nitrogen release from Sphagnum litter was primarily controlled by C/N quotient, so that minerotrophic Sphagnum litter released more N than ombrotrophic Sphagnum litter. Overall, we observed slower N release from litter of ombrotrophic vascular plant species compared to minerotrophic vascular plant species. No single chemical parameter could predict the variability associated with different functional groups. The release of K was very high compared to all the other nutrients and rather similar between ombrotrophic and minerotrophic litter types. In Sphagnum litter, a higher C/P quotient was associated with a slower P mineralisation, whereas a faster P release from vascular plant litter seems primarily associated with lower C/P and polyphenols/P quotients.     

Decomposition characteristics of cotton stalks from fall to spring as affected by continuous cropping

Knowledge about cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stalk degradation is important for understanding nutrient cycling in soil. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of continuous cropping on cotton stalk decomposition and nutrient release patterns from fall to spring. Cotton stalks were placed inside nylon mesh bags on 5 October and then buried 15?cm deep in fields that had been continuously cropped to cotton for 1, 10, or 20 yrs. The results showed that the decomposition rates (i.e. mass loss) were significantly greater in the 10- and 20-yr soils than in the 1-yr soil during the first 16 d after burial. The decomposition rates were similar in all three soils between d 16 and 177. However, between d 177 and 193, the decomposition rates were the highest in the 1-yr soil. Overall, stalk mass declined by 35–40% during the 193 d experiment. The largest decreases in stalk mass were in the 1- and 10-yr soils. After 193 d, 95–97% of stalk K had been released compared with 29–34% of stalk P, and 41–48% of stalk N. The duration of continuous cropping had no significant effect on δ¹³C, N, and K release rates. The release rate of stalk P was the greatest in the 20-yr soil followed by the 1-year soil and then the 10-yr soil. In conclusion, the duration of continuous cotton cropping significantly affected the decomposition characteristics of cotton stalks. Additional studies will be done to learn more about how N application and irrigation can be managed in the fall so that (i) undecomposed residue does not interfere with spring sowing and (ii) the nutrients in the stalks are not lost after decomposition.