聚丙烯微塑料添加对大豆和花生生长及生理生态特征的影响

农田微塑料污染对作物生长存在显著影响,但不同功能类型作物的生理生态、产量及品质对土壤微塑料的响应尚不清楚。鉴于此,本研究选取我国农业生产的两大主要作物大豆（地上结实）和花生（地下结实）为试验材料,并设置对照组（无添加）和实验组（添加0.40%的聚丙烯微塑料）进行大田原位试验。结果表明：微塑料添加与作物结实类型二者的交互作用对作物的生长与生理生态特征存在显著影响,主要体现在作物的整株形态结构、生物量积累与分配及籽粒品质。微塑料添加显著降低两种作物的总生物量、地上生物量、相对生长速率和百粒重,大豆降幅分别为13.61%、14.07%、13.23%和7.84%,花生降幅分别为17.10%、18.64%、16.12%和11.98%。此外,微塑料添加显著降低花生的地下生物量、可溶性糖含量和大豆的叶绿素含量,降幅分别为15.77%、25.51%和5.74%,与之相反,微塑料添加增加大豆的叶面积比值和可溶性糖含量,增幅分别为28.07%和25.82%。由此可见,聚丙烯微塑料添加对两种作物的生长和产量均有抑制作用,对花生的影响尤为明显。     

活性污泥降解植物纤维容器的研究

生物可降解塑料的开发已经成为目前的研究热点之一,而活性污泥法是常用的评价高分子材料的生物可降解性的方法。以活性污泥的干燥固体总质量(TS)和活性污泥的挥发性固体含量(VS)为考察指标,分析活性污泥对于聚丙烯(PP)、纸制、植物纤维(稻壳)餐具的降解能力。实验结果表明,在降解期间(21 d),纸制餐具降解速度最快,且降解程度最大,植物纤维餐具降解程度低于纸制,而聚丙烯餐具基本不降解。增加降解物的表面积和提高活性污泥与降解物的比值,有利于降解物的降解。     

贵州省凯里山区马尾松繁育栽培技术管理初探

作为重要的用材、荒山造林的先锋树种的马尾松,在凯里林业资源生态发展中成了自然风景区和普遍绿化及造林的重要树种。文章结合当地的地理条件着重介绍了怎样有技术性的管理马尾松。     

紫外吸收光谱法对聚丙烯中抗氧剂3125的定量分析

采用紫外吸收光谱法定量分析聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)中抗氧剂3125的含量,经分析得到PP/抗氧剂3125体系和PP/抗氧剂168(定量)/抗氧剂3125体系中抗氧剂3125的特征波长,并得出了抗氧剂3125含量与特征波长吸光度关系的标准曲线,其相关系数均大于0.98.经试验验证,样品中抗氧剂3125的计算值与测量值相对误差均不超过8%,适用于实际检测的需要.     

不同覆盖物对夏黑葡萄关键生育期土壤温度和土壤水势的影响

覆盖是调节土壤温度、减少土壤水分无效蒸发的一种行之有效的手段,为探明不同覆盖物对夏黑葡萄开花期—成熟期内土壤温度和土壤水势的影响效果,本试验在夏黑葡萄园设置地布、黑棉毡、黑地膜覆盖和不覆盖（对照）4个处理,对各处理土壤温度和土壤水势的变化进行了比较研究。结果表明：与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理均可以提高开花期土壤最低温度,分别提高0.55、0.87、3.25℃;T1处理使果实快速膨大期和着色期土壤最高温度降低,分别降低0.83℃和1.11℃,使土壤温度更接近根系适宜生长的温度环境;T2和T3处理则提高果实快速膨大期和着色期土壤最高温度,分别提高0.71、0.01℃和3.18、2.40℃。在相同灌水条件下,不同覆盖处理均可降低土壤水势日变化幅度,T1处理土壤水势在0~1 kPa之间,基本呈饱和状态,T2、T3和CK处理不同生育期日最大土壤水势差分别为1.69~11.08、0.24~1.09、12.63~18.08 kPa;不同覆盖处理提高最高和最低土壤水势,其中覆盖地布和黑地膜效果更显著。综合比较各种覆盖材料对土壤温度和土壤水势的影响效果,覆盖地布处理效果最好。     

Effects of different organic materials and mineral nutrients on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth in a Mediterranean saline dryland

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that enhance plant growth and improve soil fertility and soil structure in drylands. Even though AM fungi are obligate biotrophs, organic matter (OM) can stimulate their growth, but the mechanisms behind this are still unknown. Here, we compared the effect of nutrient patches of different OM sources to intrinsic components of OM such as inorganic nutrient supply and an improved soil water-holding capacity (WHC; via application of hydrophilic polymers), on AM fungal growth. Fatty acids extracted from in-growth mesh bags incubated in the field were used as biomarkers for AM fungi and other soil microbes. We found an enhancement of AM fungal growth in certain nutrient patches. Two out of three OM types stimulated AM fungal growth strongly, and also the addition of inorganic nutrients enhanced AM fungi, though to a lesser extent than OM. Enhanced soil WHC, on the other hand, did not influence AM fungal growth. AMF were more strongly enhanced by the mineral nutrients relative to other soil organisms. Intrinsic nutrients might be an important factor for AMF growth stimulation in OM additions, but there was no evidence that nutrients alone can explain this phenomenon.     

Earthworms increase the ratio of bacteria to fungi in northern hardwood forest soils, primarily by eliminating the organic horizon

The exotic earthworm invasion in hardwood forests of the northern United States is associated with many ecosystem-level changes. However, less is known about the effects of the invasion on the composition of the soil microbial community through which ecosystem-level changes are mediated. Further, earthworm effects on soil microbial community composition have not been well studied in the field. To evaluate changes in bacterial and fungal abundance associated with the earthworm invasion we quantified bacterial and fungal biomass by microscopic counts in paired earthworm-invaded (earthworm) and earthworm-free (reference) plots in five forest stands in central New York (USA). Earthworms significantly increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi on an area basis (per m²), by more than two times in mid-summer and early autumn. While this effect was associated primarily with the lack of the fungal-dominated organic horizon in earthworm plots, a higher ratio of bacteria to fungi in the surface 5 cm mineral soil also contributed as it developed between spring and mid-summer. Earthworm reduction of fungal biomass was confirmed by substantially lower growth of fungal hyphae into mesh sand bags in earthworm compared to reference plots. Burrowing activity by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi over the short-term within earthworm plots, introducing small-scale spatial heterogeneity associated with burrows. Our study suggests that the exotic earthworm invasion in these northern hardwood forests markedly increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi by eliminating the fungal-rich organic horizon, and was associated localized increases in bacterial vs. fungal abundance in mineral soil, setting the stage for future research into linkages between the earthworm invasion, bacterial and fungal abundance, and ecosystem processes.     

The decomposition of turfgrass clippings is fast at high air humidity and moderate temperature

Abstract

In grassland areas where herbage production has no economic value, the cut grass is often left on the sward surface where its decomposition is influenced by weather conditions. Although the influence of temperature and humidity on decomposition has been investigated under controlled lab conditions, experimentation has generally been under ideal moisture conditions that have not tested the combinations of climatic limitations that might occur in the field. The decomposition of mown turfgrass clippings deposited at different times of vegetation period was studied in situ using nylon bags during the first 8 weeks after deposition to investigate the effect of weather conditions (the air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) on decomposition. Decomposition is the highest in the case of high air humidity and temperature of 10°C. Limiting factors for decomposition at temperatures above 10°C is the air humidity and below 10°C the air temperature. The general tendency was that the rate of decomposition increased with increasing air temperature up to 10°C, but with further increases of air temperature the decomposition rate slowed down. Relative air humidity had a variable impact (at the beginning of the decomposition process (weeks 1–2) the influence was negative, during weeks 3–8 of the decomposition process the effect was positive), and hence had no generalized relationship with decomposition over the studied decomposition period (weeks 1–8). The most significant influence of weather conditions on the decomposition rate was recorded directly after cutting. If the cutting was done during hot weather conditions, the material was drying fast and therefore decomposed slowly. Our results indicate that for fast decomposition of clippings it is important to maintain the freshness of material. Lower decomposition rates occurred during conditions of hot and dry weather, and also cooler (temperature near to 0°C) weather, and can be compensated as soon as favourable weather arrives.     

竹粉/聚丙烯发泡复合材料的增韧效果

为研发可代替聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)应用于汽车内饰件的木塑复合材料,减少白色污染,节约化石能源,同时提高木塑复合材料的附加值,拓宽其应用领域。该文以注塑法制备竹粉/聚丙烯发泡复合材料,并分别采用乙烯-1-辛烯共聚物(polyolefin elastomer,POE)和马来酸酐接枝POE(maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin elastomer,POE-g-MAH)增韧复合材料。研究了增韧填料对发泡复合材料力学性能的影响,用环境扫描电镜(environmental scanning electronic microscopy,ESEM)对复合材料的冲击断面进行观察,并进行了频率扫描的动态流变测试。结果表明:添加POE和POE-g-MAH在略微降低材料拉伸和弯曲强度的同时,可明显提高材料的缺口冲击强度,二者最佳用量分别为15%和8%;8%POE-g-MAH增韧的复合材料的缺口冲击强度为8.55kJ/m2,提高了35.7%,可很好地应用于汽车内饰件。ESEM显示,增韧后,复合材料的断裂形式转变为韧性断裂。动态频率扫描结果显示,POE对复合材料流变性能的影响较小,而POE-g-MAH增韧的复合材料的储能模量和复数黏度明显增大,且"第二平台"现象更为明显。     

Experimental Study on Flexural Toughness and Fatigue Property of Polypropylene (PP) Fiber Reinforced Cement-stabilized Macadam

By four-point bending test and fatigue test,the authors studied the flexural toughness and fatigue property of semi-rigid base course of cement-stabilized macadam with and without polypropylene(PP) fiber.Some significant data about these two kinds of material have been obtained,such as the load-deflection curves,toughness index according to the standard methods of JCI and ASTM C1018-97,the fatigue lifetime under different stress levels and the fatigue lifetime regression equation.The results show that the reinforcing effect of the PP fiber is remarkable;the bending strength,ultimate deformability,JCI toughness index,ASTM C1018-97 toughness index and fatigue life of cement-stabilized macadam with PP fiber are increased by about 10%,150%,67.7%,36.1%~79.8%,and 126%~352%,respectively,when the volume fraction of PP fiber is only 0.077%.At the same time,the authors revealed the toughness improving mechanism and the anti-fatigue mechanism of the fiber in such material based on the fracture mechanics theory.