夏玉米产量时空变化及气候年型分析

定量分析夏玉米同一品种产量及产量构成要素时空变化,探讨造成产量时空差异的气候年型组合变化特征。基于2004～2013年夏玉米种植区郑单958多点田间试验数据分析表明,夏玉米区域平均产量为9 055 kg/hm~2,年际差为1 635 kg/hm~2,变幅为18.1%;地点差4 258 kg/hm~2,变幅为47.1%。夏玉米区域平均千粒重为313 g,年际变幅为13.1%;地点变幅为27.8%。夏玉米区域平均穗粒数为479,年际变幅为18.0%,地点变幅为38.7%。千粒重的增加导致夏玉米产量显著增加。穗粒数显著降低和时空差异大是造成产量波动和时空差异变幅大的主要原因。夏玉米产量和产量构成要素,低产点受各气候要素变化的影响显著;平产点受温度和日最高温度大于33℃的天数影响显著;高产点受降水影响显著。     

兰州百合多酚提取工艺优化研究

以多酚得率为优化指标,对兰州百合中多酚的提取工艺进行研究,通过单因素试验考查了溶剂类型、料液比、溶剂体积分数、超声功率、提取温度和提取液pH值对提取多酚得率的影响,在此基础上,为得到最优的兰州百合多酚提取条件,对乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取液pH值和超声功率4因素进行正交试验,结果得出兰州百合多酚提取最佳工艺参数组合为:乙醇浓度80%、提取温度40 ℃、提取pH值7、超声功率500 W,其多酚的萃取量为100.27 mg/g。     

Response of industrial hemp to Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities under organic and conventional fertilisation

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities on industrial hemp yield and its components. Experiments were conducted as a split plot in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Factors were fertilisation (poultry manure, vermicompost and nitrogen fertiliser) as the main plot and weed density (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²) as the subplot. Results indicated that the maximum number of racemes per plant, seeds per raceme, 1000-seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index (HI) of industrial hemp were obtained using vermicompost and were reduced with nitrogen fertiliser application. All measured properties in hemp plants decreased due to increasing S. kali subsp. tragus density, especially at 15 and 20 plants/m². The most significant reduction in hemp grain yield and its components was observed by increasing weed density with the application of nitrogen fertiliser. The application of vermicompost at high weed densities resulted in greater hemp grain yield and its components compared with nitrogen fertiliser. It is recommended to apply organic fertilisers, especially vermicompost at high S. kali subsp. tragus densities.     

Season-specific varietal management as an option to increase rainfed lowland rice production in East African high altitude cropping systems

Due to land expansion and an increase in productivity, rice production in sub-Saharan Africa has been growing at a rate of 6% in the past decade. Rainfed rice production systems have accounted for a large share of this expansion. In these systems, the potential growing period not only depends on the length of the rainy season and thus water availability, but is often, especially in the highlands of East Africa, bordered by the onset of the cool period of the year, when low minimum temperatures compromise rice yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the yield potential of 30 rice varieties contrasting in crop duration and cold tolerance in the highlands of East Africa, with its limited length of growing period. A field trial was conducted in the cropping seasons in 2016 and 2017 at the Fogera rice research station, Ethiopia. As a function of the onset of rains, rice was sown mid-July in 2016 and early July in 2017. Early sowing in 2017 led to an extended crop duration and significantly lower yields of the short-duration varieties, and to a shortened duration and significantly higher yields of the medium- and long-duration varieties, when compared to late sowing in 2016. Late sowing compromised yield of the medium- and long-duration varieties because of low temperatures during booting stage, which led to high spikelet sterility. Early sowing resulted in low yields of the short-duration varieties, probably due to low solar radiation during the cloudy rainy season, which coincided with the vegetative stage. Therefore, choice of variety should be a function of the variable onset of the rainy season and related sowing date. However, crop models precisely calibrated for potential varieties and the respective environmental conditions could fully support the selection of a suitable variety, depending on the date of sowing, for example with the help of online tools or smartphone applications.     

植物源活性成分对有机磷农药的降解效果研究

为探索有机磷农药降解的新途径和方法,以大黄、海桐皮、木槿皮、五倍子按9:4:3:2质量份数混合,粉碎并以水浸泡,以GC-MS定量检测法、农残速测法,通过比较试验前后有机磷农药浓度变动,明确其对有机磷农药的降解效果。结果表明,2 min内浸提液对毒死蜱、对硫磷2种有机磷农药降解率分别达到93.6%、92.9%;浸提液17 h内对敌敌畏降解率为66.67%,11 h内对毒死蜱降解率为48.69%。本研究表明,大黄、海桐皮、木槿皮、五倍子浸提液对毒死蜱、对硫磷、敌敌畏等有机磷农药有显著降解效果。     

我国主要麦区主栽高产品种产量差异及其与 产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

【目的】明确主栽高产品种产量差异与产量构成、氮磷钾吸收利用的关系,对于通过选育优良品种,进一步优化养分管理和栽培措施,缩小产量差,以指导我国主要麦区小麦的高产优质生产。【方法】于2016—2017年度在我国黄淮北片、黄淮南片和长江中下游3个主要冬麦区进行田间试验,种植各麦区主栽高产品种,研究高产小麦品种产量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用之间的关系。【结果】黄淮北片、黄淮南片和长江中下游麦区籽粒产量均存在较大差异,分别介于7 751—8 702 kg·hm ^-2、7 302—8 413 kg·hm ^-2、5 554—到6 294 kg·hm ^-2。各麦区品种高产的原因不同,黄淮北片麦区,高产品种具有高的地上部生物量和收获指数,穗数也是高产的原因;黄淮南片麦区高的收获指数和穗粒数是高产的关键;长江中下游麦区高产的主要原因是高的收获指数和千粒重。黄淮北片麦区,高产品种有低的籽粒含氮量和需氮量以及高的氮生理效率;黄淮南片麦区,高产品种茎叶含磷量和需磷量较低,但磷生理效率和茎叶含钾量较高;长江中下游麦区,高产品种的籽粒含钾量低,籽粒含磷量和茎叶含磷钾量高,地上部氮磷吸收量高,磷生理效率低于而需磷量高于对照品种。【结论】总体来看,黄淮北片麦区鲁原118、黄淮南片濮麦168、长江中下游麦区华麦7号等具有较好的产量表现;在我国主要麦区,地上部生物量和收获指数仍是高产的关键,同时提高地上部养分吸收利用和养分收获指数,才能提高生理效率,降低养分需求量,实现小麦高产优质。     

桑叶对动物健康的作用及在动物生产中的应用

桑树作为传统中药材的来源,具有抗炎、杀菌等作用,这与桑树各部位中含有多糖、多酚、生物碱等生物活性成分有关。桑叶具有易采集及生物量大的优点而得到了最多关注。桑叶中多糖、多酚等生物活性物质具有降血糖、降血脂、增强免疫、增加抗氧化能力的作用,因此桑叶或其提取物应用于动物生产中对动物的健康有积极影响。桑叶粗蛋白含量高、氨基酸比例均衡,可替代一部分蛋白原料应用于畜牧生产中。但桑叶中抗营养因子含量较高,因此以发酵或青贮后饲喂动物为宜。综述了桑生物活性成分对动物糖脂代谢、抗氧化能力及免疫力的影响,并通过总结桑叶在畜禽及水产动物生产中的研究进展,阐述了桑叶在改善肉质、调节动物机体免疫及提高动物抗氧化能力等方面的作用。     

不同生育期卷丹百合的多酚积累特性及其抗氧化活性

为探究不同生育期卷丹百合各器官中多酚类物质的积累规律及其抗氧化能力,分别采用福林–肖卡法、NaNO2–AlCl3法、香草醛比色法、pH示差法测定不同生育期(现蕾期、花期、半枯期、全枯期)卷丹百合各器官(基生根、鳞茎、茎生根、茎秆、叶片、株芽、花）中总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇和花色苷的含量,运用DPPH法、铜离子还原法和金属螯合能力、抑制脂质过氧化活性,分析其多酚提取物的抗氧化能力。结果表明：不同生育期卷丹百合各器官多酚类物质的含量及其抗氧化活性存在差异;卷丹百合植株在花期总酚含量最高,半枯期的次之,全枯期的最少;花期,花中总酚含量最高,达14.75 mg/g,叶片中的总酚含量次之,珠芽的最低,仅为3.12 mg/g;卷丹百合多酚提取液的抗氧化能力在花期最强,其次是半枯期;相关性分析表明,卷丹多酚类物质与抗氧化活性在各时期、各器官呈现出显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关性,相关系数为–1.00~1.00,其中,花期和半枯期卷丹多酚类物质与铜离子还原力基本呈显著或极显著正相关。     

不同剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量及品质的影响

为明确不同纤维剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量和品质的影响,以苎麻品种‘中苎3号’为试验材料,研究了3种剥制机械（简易刮麻器、回拉式剥麻机、反拉式剥麻机）对原麻颜色、出麻率、单纤维强力和含胶量的影响。结果表明,不同机械剥制原麻产量与品质存在显著差异。3种机器剥制的原麻颜色均偏黄色,简易刮麻器剥制的麻纤维明度最亮,反拉式剥麻机剥制的原麻红色最深。简易刮麻器剥制麻与回拉式剥麻机剥制麻出麻率无显著差异,显著低于反拉式剥麻机剥制麻,但反拉式剥麻机出麻率较高,原因主要是总胶质含量显著较高（28.21%）。不同剥制机械所获原麻的单纤维强力也存在显著差异,由高到低依次为简易刮麻器＞回拉式剥麻机＞反拉式剥麻机。综上所述,简易刮麻器剥制原麻质量最好,回拉式剥麻机优于反拉式剥麻机。上述结果为苎麻剥麻机的选择提供理论依据。     

基于Meta分析评价秸秆覆盖对我国北方半干旱区不同生态区域小麦产量的影响

为了明确秸秆覆盖对我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温条件下小麦产量的影响,利用Meta定量分析方法分析秸秆覆盖和不同秸秆覆盖量对我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温条件下小麦产量的影响。以“半干旱区”、“秸秆覆盖”和“小麦产量”为关键词搜集、筛选并整理1970-2019年公开发表的相关文献,建立综合文献数据库。分析秸秆覆盖、不同秸秆覆盖量、不同年均降雨量和不同年均积温与小麦产量的关系。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可以增加北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温区域的小麦产量,主要通过增加有效穗数使小麦平均增产12.77%;当秸秆覆盖量为6 000~9 000kg/hm ²时,小麦增产率最高,为14.49%（9.01%~20.52%,CI>95%）;当年均降雨量为200~400mm时,小麦增产率最高,为19.36%（9.86%~28.49%,CI>95%）;当年均积温为0℃~3 000℃时,小麦增产率最高,为19.56%（16.36%~22.39%,CI>95%）。此研究结果可为我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温区域采用秸秆覆盖技术栽培小麦提供理论依据。