转Bt基因棉中棉所30不同开花期棉铃发育及产量构成因素的研究

转 Bt基因棉中棉所 30第 I期 (1 998年 7月2 5～ 2 6日开花 )棉铃花后 1 0 d的体积和单铃重分别较轮回亲本中棉所 1 6增加 8.57%和 1 1 .88% ,表明其库强度较高 ;而第 II期 (8月 3～ 5日开花 )和第 III期 (8月 1 2～ 1 4日开花 )棉铃的早期 (铃龄 1 0 d前 )及各期棉铃的中后期 (铃龄 1 0 d后 )体积和单铃重均低于中棉所 1 6,并且其瘪子数随开花期推延快速增加 ,反映了该品种源器官供应能力的不足。中棉所 30棉铃纤维对同化产物的竞争力较强 ,每饱子纤维数、每饱子皮棉重、每铃皮棉重和衣分基本上极显著或显著高于中棉所 1 6,而铃壳和种子的物质积累减少 ,铃壳比例、饱子数、饱子重和子指降低 ,瘪子数上升     

马铃薯块茎顶端优势与主茎数及产量组分的相关性

马铃薯块茎产量性状复杂,由多个产量组分构成.为探究马铃薯块茎不同顶端优势类型、植株主茎数和产量组分的相关性,本研究对国际马铃薯中心引进的102份高代品系块茎的发芽情况进行筛选,以12个顶端优势强弱程度不同的马铃薯品系为试验材料,在马铃薯植株盛花期测定主茎数;收获期统计小区产量、小区大薯产量、小区小薯产量、单株产量、单株...     

施用生物质炭对旱地红壤有机碳矿化及碳库的影响

为探究生物质炭施入旱地红壤后对该地区土壤有机碳矿化以及有机碳库的影响,采用田间定位试验,设置7种生物质炭施用量处理,分别为0(C0),2.5(C1),5(C2),10(C3),20(C4),30(C5),40t/hm2(C6),以三库一级动力学理论为基础,对这7种处理的土样进行了室内呼吸培养试验。结果表明:(1)与C0相比,C4、C5和C6处理的土壤有机碳含量呈上升趋势,C5处理土壤有机碳含量上升幅度最大为14.66%;C2、C3、C4、C5和C6处理土壤活性碳均显著增加,C6处理增幅最大为25.00%;土壤惰性碳在C3、C4、C5和C6处理中显著增加,增幅分别为18.92%,40.09%,53.60%和49.55%;除C5处理外,其他生物质炭施用量下土壤缓性碳相对于C0处理,分别降低了1.96%,6.54%,8.82%,9.31%和12.91%。(2)与C0处理相比,施加生物质炭后土壤有机碳累积矿化量均显著降低,C6处理降低幅度达25.93%。随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤有机碳累积矿化量逐渐降低。(3)土壤有机碳、活性碳和惰性碳与生物质炭施用量存在极显著(p0.01)的正相关,土壤缓性碳与其存在显著(p0.05)的负相关。研究结果可为提升典型旱地红壤肥力,减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。     

多次间歇LED光照射对铁观音风味组分的影响

光照是决定乌龙茶高香醇厚品质的重要因子。为了探究多次间歇LED光照射对铁观音品质的影响,该文以铁观音为研究对象,采用LED白光进行多次光照射处理试验,以全程无光照为对照(CK),通过设计3个不同次数LED光照射试验组,第1次摇青前进行第1次光照射为(S-1),第2次摇青前进行第2次光照射为(S-2),第3次摇青前进行第3次光照射为(S-3),分别进行不同处理的铁观音毛茶的儿茶素、氨基酸、香气组分测定以及感官品质审评。试验结果表明:与CK相比,S-2和S-3处理铁观音毛茶中的呈苦涩味儿茶素组分总量分别降低了29.6%、24.4%,游离氨基酸组分总量分别提高了20.5%、15.4%,毛茶酚氨比减小;适度增加LED光照射次数有利于铁观音毛茶呈花果香气味的α-法呢烯和橙花叔醇相对含量的积累,其中S-2处理效果最佳,相对于CK分别提高了56.28%、62.51%;基于香气主成分分析得出S-2处理的香气综合评价得分最高(9.88),CK得分最低(-3.48),与4个不同处理的铁观音毛茶感官审评结果排序相同。研究结果可为将来开展建设乌龙茶全天候工厂化连续化加工生产提供理论和科学参考。     

The Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Soil Profiles (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Contamination of soils does not only occur on their surface over large areas, but also in depth. Therefore a characterization of soil state after pollution demands a three-dimensional soil sampling, by what a large number of samples has to be analyzed. Analytical results could be evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, which have already been used for the evaluation of data sets containing results from soil sampling of two dimensions like areas or single profiles. In this case study, multivariate statistical methods were applied to investigate structure and interactions between features in a data set containing results of three-dimensional soil sampling. The investigated soil profiles were contaminated by emissions of a former cement and phosphate fertilizer plant. The aim of this study was to determine the remaining extent of contamination and to analyze whether pollutants are mobilized and vertically transported within the profiles. Materials and Methods: Three soil profiles were sampled in the surroundings of the plant. Grain size, organic and carbonatic bonded carbon, pH value, and the total contents of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, F, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn were determined. The resulting data set was evaluated by cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and principal components analysis. The sequential extraction procedure according to Zeien and Brümmer was applied to analyze the binding properties of Ca, Cd, Cu, Na, Pb, and Zn from selected samples. Results: Cd was identified as contaminant of the top soils. The pH values of the bottom soils were determined to be in alkaline range, which is unnaturally high. Variables were clustered according to enrichment of variables in top soils. The samples were classified regarding their pollution state and their substrate by cluster analysis, which was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of variables as well as relationships between variables like the binding of heavy metals at organic matter were detected by using principal components analysis. The binding of heavy metals at organic matter in the top soils was confirmed by the results of the applied sequential extraction. A vertically altered distribution of Na binding was determined. Discussion: According to the current soil conditions, the uptake of heavy metals had probably occurred by the over ground part of plants during the deposition. The distribution of Na should likely result from the vertical transport of Na, which would also explain the high pH values of the bottom soils by ion exchange. Altogether, the main amount of deposited Ca, F, Na, P, and heavy metals is likely nearly insoluble bound in the top soils. Conclusions: Ten years after the end of production, the pollution of top soils in the surroundings of the former plant is still high. However, regarding the ecotoxicological relevance the now explored interactions between several soil features and elements strongly indicate that there is no short-term to medium-term risk of a mobilization of the deposited elements with the exception of Na. Recommendations and Perspectives: The results of this case study prove that multivariate statistical methods are powerful tools to explore interactions of variables and relationships in a data set derived from three dimensional soil sampling. The methods applied in this work can be highly recommended for evaluations of large data sets resulting from two- or three-dimensional samplings. Multivariate statistical methods enable the characterization of soils and their pollution state in a simple and economic way.     

Soil quality assessment in semiarid rangeland in Iran

Abstract. We examined the use of soil quality (SQ) assessment to predict soil productivity and stability as a component of site potential for rangelands. Two minimum sets of data were compared for the SQ assessment within an area of relatively uniform climate. Data set 1 consisted of total soil N, topsoil depth, effective profile depth (EPD), and grade of structure, thus incorporating only soil chemical and physical properties. Data set 2 included exchangeable soil potassium, EPD, soil water retention capacity at wilting point, a soil slake test, and a nutrient cycling index. The interrelationships between soil properties and plant growth characteristics (i.e. total and herbage yield) were investigated and interpreted by statistical analysis and expert knowledge. By performing multiple regressions for each data set against the plant growth characteristics, we identified the contribution of each data set variable to the variability in plant characteristics and, thus, the predictive potential of each variable and data set. Within data set 1, EPD was important and in data set 2 the nutrient cycling index, which is a landscape function index derived from soil surface attributes, played the most important role in predicting potential. Principal component analysis was used to provide weighting factors for each indicator. We then transformed and combined observed indicator values for each data set using weighting factors and scoring functions into an additive soil quality index (SQI) varying in value from 0 to 1. The SQIs, with values greater than 0.8, provide optimum conditions for high yield.     

喷施钼肥对四川烤烟农艺与经济性状的影响研究

试验研究四川省不同植烟区土壤施用Mo肥对烟草生长、产量和品质的影响结果表明,酸性土壤喷施Mo肥效果显著,能明显改善烟草的农艺和经济性状,提高烟叶蛋白质和烟碱含量,降低还原糖含量,而石灰性土壤喷施Mo肥效果不明显。     

不同年代冬小麦品种产量性状和生理生态指标差异分析

以河北省30多年来不同年代广泛种植、有代表性的冬小麦品种为供试材料,通过分析其产量、产量构成因素及生理生态指标,研究了冬小麦品种更新的变化规律。结果表明:随着品种更替,冬小麦产量水平显著提高;单位面积上粒数的增加对产量提高起主要作用;穗粒数和千粒重在不同年代间没有显著变化,对产量提高所做的贡献并不明显;产量与收获指数呈显著正相关,收获指数的提高主要依赖于株高的降低;20世纪90年代以后,冬小麦地上部分生物学产量没有随株高的降低而减少;品种更新对蜡质含量、SPAD值、叶水势的影响不明显;不同年代冬小麦品种的比叶重和灰分含量差异显著,其中灰分含量与产量存在相关性。     

灌溉和施氮对河西走廊紫花苜蓿生物量分配与 水分利用效率的影响

确定河西地区紫花苜蓿栽培草地的合理施氮量和灌溉量,对优化当地紫花苜蓿栽培草地生物量分配和提高水分利用效率具有重要意义。本研究利用田间试验研究了不同灌溉量(W1:当地灌溉量的60%;W2:当地灌溉量的80%;W3:当地灌溉量1 920 m3·hm-2)和施氮量[N1:0 kg(N)·hm-2;N2:40 kg(N)·hm-2;N3:80 kg(N)·hm-2;N4:120 kg(N)·hm-2]对2年生紫花苜蓿生物量分配特征及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:灌溉量为W2和W3时均显著增加了紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数、地上生物量,及20~40 cm、40~60 cm和0~60 cm土层的根系体积、根系生物量和水分利用效率,且W2和W3的紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数和地上生物量差异不明显,说明采用当地灌溉量的80%水量时,紫花苜蓿水分利用效率最高。随着施氮量增加,紫花苜蓿单株分枝数、叶茎比、根系体积、根系生物量、地上和地下生物量比和水分利用效率均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在施氮量为80 kg(N)·hm-2时最大,说明紫花苜蓿根系发育和水分利用效率对氮的响应均存在剂量效应。在水氮互作条件下,处理W2N2或W2N3中紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数、根系体积和0~20 cm、20~40 cm、0~60 cm根系生物量及地上生物量与地下生物量比值和水分利用效率达到最优。结合上述分析得出在灌溉量W2和施氮N3时,紫花苜蓿地上地下生物量比值和水分利用效率达最大值,表明河西走廊紫花苜蓿栽培草地的适宜灌溉量为当地灌溉的80%,施氮量为80 kg·hm-2,此时紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和地上地下生物量比值配置最优。     

沙蒿生物质炭在沙土中的降解特征

为明确不同炭化条件下沙蒿生物质炭的有机组分、炭化过程和降解特性。于不同炭化条件下无氧炭化制备沙蒿生物质炭并进行沙地封存。结果表明:H、O和N元素的质量分数及H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C均随炭化温度的升高和炭化时间的延长呈先降低后稳定的变化趋势,升温速率对其无显著影响。而C则呈相反趋势且均在炭化温度600℃、炭化时间60 min以后基本达定值,上述指标(H、O、N、H/C、O/C、(N+O)/C和C)的稳定值分别约为29.3 g/kg、79.8 g/kg、11.2 g/kg、0.40、0.07、0.08和879.7 g/kg。生物质炭的降解速率随着炭化温度的升高、炭化时间的延长和施用量的增大而降低,其半衰期为2~12年。综上,沙蒿的炭化既是有机组分富碳、去极性官能团的过程,同时也是芳香性增强、亲水性和极性减弱的过程,施用量和炭化温度是影响生物质炭降解的决定性因素。