3种芳香植物香气物质的急性抗焦虑作用

为了比较薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia)、雪松(Juniperus virginiana L.)及苦水玫瑰(Rosa setate×Rosa rugosa)的香气物质经皮肤吸收后的急性抗焦虑效果,采用3种植物的精油进行志愿者皮肤涂抹实验。招募165名具有焦虑情绪的志愿者并随机分入基础油对照组和3个精油实验组,先以快速心算应激法使志愿者产生焦虑,再将4种油涂抹于志愿者背部的皮肤至吸收,比较志愿者血压及心率变异性相关生理指标的变化。结果显示雪松精油组(P=0.005)与薰衣草精油组(P=0.011)的低频高频比值的变化量均显著高于对照组,而苦水玫瑰组的各项指标相比对照组没有出现显著变化,结论认为薰衣草及维吉尼亚雪松的香气物质的急性抗焦虑效果优于苦水玫瑰,在康复花园植物配置中,可适当提高薰衣草及维吉尼亚雪松的种植率以提高抗焦虑功效。     

磁性生物质炭对水体中芘的去除效果研究

以柳树枝为原料,于600℃制备原始生物质炭LZ,再通过化学沉淀法制备两种磁性强度不同的生物质炭LZ1.5和LZ2.5。利用静态氮吸附(BET-N2)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段对生物质炭的表面结构和化学组成等理化性质进行表征,并研究生物质炭对水体中芘的吸附行为。结果表明:原始生物质炭在24 h吸附即达到表观吸附平衡,磁性生物质炭在72 h吸附达到表观吸附平衡;LZ1.5的吸附效果最佳,其最大吸附容量Qm=2 758.6μg·g-1,其次是LZ2.5和LZ,Qm分别为833.3、322.6μg·g-1;LZ1.5投加量在375 mg·L~(-1)时,芘的去除率达到90%以上。三种生物质炭的吸附行为均符合Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型。磁性生物质炭对芘吸附较多的原因一方面在于其保留了原有的芳香性官能团,另一方面是Fe3O4的存在造成了磁性炭表面微孔化以及表面羟基化。     

焦化厂区地肤根际芘降解细菌筛选和促生潜力研究

为强化焦化厂土壤多环芳烃原位植物-微生物修复的应用,提供具有降解多环芳烃功能的植物促生菌,分别以芘和1-氨基环丙烷-1-脱氨酶(ACC脱氨酶)为唯一碳源和氮源,采用富集培养法对某焦化厂优势植物地肤根际土壤中的功能菌株进行分离。研究分离的菌株对芘的降解能力和对植物的促生特性;通过种子萌发试验,以芘为碳源,研究菌株对地肤种子发芽率和根长的影响。多次富集后,得到7株菌,经鉴定命名为考克氏菌KSB1、芽孢杆菌KSB2、类香味菌KSB3、沙雷菌KSB4、副球菌KSB5、松鼠葡萄球菌KSB6、芽孢杆菌KSB7。经过14 d的降解实验,菌株KSB1、KSB2、KSB4、KSB5和KSB7均可降解约58%以上的芘。菌株KSB2、KSB4和KSB7的ACC脱氨酶活性大于3.5 Mα-KB·mg~(-1)·h~(-1)。在种子萌发实验中,菌株KSB2、KSB4和KSB7均可显著提高芘胁迫下(芘浓度10~25 mg·L~(-1))地肤种子的发芽率和芽长,其中KSB7的效果最好,与对照相比对地肤发芽率和芽长分别提高了56.76%和88.9%,表明菌株KSB7在焦化厂污染土壤的地肤-微生物联合修复中具有较大的应用潜力。     

多毛类动物对多环芳烃的毒性响应及代谢研究进展

多环芳烃可富集在水生生物体内,进而通过食物链的放大作用危害人类,多毛类动物是已知能够蓄积大量多环芳烃的物种,有关多毛类动物解毒代谢酶与抗氧化酶的活性及其基因表达水平作为多环芳烃监测指标的研究已有大量报道,但有关多毛类动物如何代谢蓄积在体内多环芳烃的基础理论研究目前尚处于初步阶段。本研究中,综述了近年来国内外有关多毛类动物对多环芳烃的毒性响应及代谢研究,多毛类动物对多环芳烃的代谢类似于脊椎动物,分为两个阶段,参与第一阶段代谢的酶主要是细胞色素P450酶家族,而尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶和磺基转移酶被认为是第二阶段代谢过程中起主导作用的酶类,针对目前研究中存在的问题,提出今后应加强多毛类动物对复合多环芳烃以及低剂量多环芳烃长期暴露的毒性响应研究,同时增强对不同多环芳烃的代谢研究。     

4个新疆野苹果优系果实品质比较

以4个新疆野苹果优系的成熟果实为材料,研究其果实品质指标(单果质量、果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、果柄长度、果柄粗度、果实硬度、可溶性固形物、酸度、可溶性糖、果皮色泽、果肉色泽、香气成分)的差异,旨在为新疆野苹果资源的合理利用提供资料。结果表明:4个优系之间在单果质量、可溶性固形物等部分品质指标上存在极显著(P0.01)或显著(P0.05)差异,果形指数等部分品质指标差异不显著;4个新疆野苹果优系果实含(E)-2-己烯醛、1-己醇等匹配度≥80%(NIST14谱库检索)的51种香气成分,其中(E)-2-己烯醛、1-己醇、(E)-2-己烯-2-醇乙酸酯等成分均在0.5%以上,总含量占测定香气物质总量的97.66%,为参试新疆野苹果的主要香气成分;4个新疆野苹果优系之间果实香气成分种类和含量均存在差异,且均含有独有的香气成分[优系M-1含有(E)-3-己烯醛、(E)-2-己烯-2-醇乙酸酯等,M-2含有2-己烯-1-醇乙酸酯、(Z,Z)-9,12-十八碳二烯酸等,M-3含有壬醛、癸醛等,M-4含有(Z)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E)-丁酸2-己烯基酯等],是新疆野苹果选育的一个重要评价指标。4个新疆野苹果优系的果实品质指标遗传差异较大,均有各自的特点,具有良好的选择潜力。     

梨园芳香植物间作区主要害虫及其天敌的相互关系

【目的】探讨间作芳香植物对梨园主要害虫与天敌相互作用的影响。【方法】以梨园设置薄荷、孔雀草、罗勒间作区和自然生草区为处理,清耕区为对照(CK),基于梨园各个间作处理区节肢动物组成和时序变化的测试,应用主成分分析、生态位及灰色关联度理论对梨园各间作区中主要害虫及天敌类群进行系统研究。【结果】梨园各间作处理区主要害虫及其天敌的个体数时序变化趋势基本一致,芳香植物间作区主要害虫和天敌的发生量在梨树年生长期内分别明显低于和高于清耕(对照)区;与清耕(对照)区相比梨园芳香植物间作区起主导作用的害虫及天敌的类群不同,且相对集中于有限的几个种类,害虫如梨木虱、康氏粉蚧、蚜虫、金龟子和梨网蝽,天敌如瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉、蜘蛛和寄生蜂;梨园间作芳香植物比对照显著增加主要害虫及天敌的生态位宽度,且使天敌的生态位宽度明显大于害虫,同时增加主要天敌如瓢虫、食蚜蝇与害虫的生态位重叠指数,呈现出对害虫明显的跟随效应和控制作用;灰色关联度分析进一步发现,同一害虫在不同间作区的主要天敌不同,梨园芳香植物间作区主要害虫与天敌相互关系呈现出多层次性。【结论】梨园间作芳香植物对控制梨园害虫数量,增加天敌数量,且对梨园主要害虫与天敌相互关系具有调节作用。     

江苏句容地区土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

以江苏句容地区20个点位的土壤样品为试材,分析了该地区土壤中16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的含量特征及污染水平。结果表明,该地区土壤中PAHs总量为5.15～375.19μg/kg,其中Flt含量最高,与西藏、北京、天津、汕头等地区相比,PAHs污染处于中等水平;土壤中PAHs以3环PAHs为主,主要单个污染物为Flt、Phe和Cry;秸秆焚烧、薪柴烹饪、燃煤取暖等人类活动是该地区多环芳烃主要来源因素,个别采样点因靠近交通干道,其多环芳烃主要来源于汽车尾气。     

The impact of storm water runoff on a small urban stream

Background, aim, and scope  In urban areas, storm water runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm water runoff recipients, both water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm water runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm water runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm water. Some storm water runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. Materials and methods  During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD₇, COD_Cr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm water runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment. Riga, pp 108–116, 1989). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992). Results  The mean pH of urban storm water runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L⁻¹, TPH—2.4 mg L⁻¹, BOD₇—300 mg O₂ L⁻¹ and COD_Cr—1,400 mg L⁻¹. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD₇—41% and COD_Cr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum. There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm water runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Discussion  Most local authorities do not consider storm water runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm water runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. Recommendations and perspectives  To avoid the environmental impact of storm water runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm water runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm water runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm water runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.     

天津地区不同芳香植物新品种引种初报

为筛选出适于天津地区栽培的芳香植物,对引进的25个芳香植物品种在天津地区开展试种试验,从种子出苗时间、发芽率、苗成活率、移栽后的成活率、生长势及病虫害发生情况等因素对各品种进行综合评价。结果表明,麝香薄荷、马鞭草、除虫菊、葫芦巴、百里香、薰衣草、板蓝根、蒲公英、薄荷、胡椒薄荷、芸香、香蜂草、法国百里香、苹果桉、玫瑰草、红花缬草16个品种生长势强、生物产量高,具有很强的适应性,有很强的抗病虫能力。     

Effects of High-Quality Aromatic Rice Varieties on the Fitness of the Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis （Walker） in Central China

The striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest of rice in China. Variation in host-plant quality may affect the body size of herbivorous insects, which in turn, can determine their life-history parameters such as survival, fecundity and fitness. In this study, we tested the effects of high-quality aromatic rice varieties on the fitness of SSB in China. Results showed that 1st instar larvae had higher penetrating rates and survival rates on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties (EX-1 and WX-988) than that on the non-aromatic rice varieties (EZ-5 and LYP-9). In addition, shorter developmental periods, greater female pupal weights and higher of other life-history parameters (hatching rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate and increase index) were found on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties, although only female pupal weight showed a significant difference between the two varieties. The highest dead heart rate was found on the aromatic rice variety of EX-1. These results indicate that SSB sustains a lower fitness cost when consuming the high-quality aromatic rice varieties (EX-1 and WX-988) than on the non-aromatic rice varieties (EZ-5 and LYP-9) in Central China.