苏南地区农田表层土壤中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染特征及来源

采用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)法测定了苏南地区13个农田表层土壤样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)和酞酸酯(PAEs)污染物,分析比较了不同区域农田表层土壤,尤其是来自钢铁企业周边的表层土壤中PAHs和PAEs的污染特征及其来源。结果表明,苏南地区农田土壤中总PAHs和总PAEs的浓度分别在147～40300μg·kg-1和0.575～762μg·kg-1之间,其中钢铁厂周边的平均浓度分别为6130μg·kg-1和47.4μg·kg-1。土壤样品中苯并(a)芘的浓度与总PAHs的浓度显著相关,高分子量PAHs在钢铁厂周边表土中含量较高,钢铁冶炼焦化和烧结等工序是其污染来源。酞酸正丁酯(DBP)和酞酸乙基己基酯是苏南地区农田土壤中含量最高的两种PAEs类物质,钢铁厂周边有较高的DBP检出可能与炼钢、冷轧和炼铁等工序有关。本研究将为经济高速发展地区农田土壤环境质量评价、农产品安全生产及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。     

亚热带地区农业土壤和植物中多环芳烃的分布

以汕头经济特区的农业土壤和蔬菜为例,运用气相色谱-质谱方法对美国EPA优控多环芳烃(PAH)进行定性、定量测定,分析了其在中国亚热带地区农业土壤和植物中的分布特征,讨论了影响其分布的主要因素.结果表明:该区农业土壤中的PAH以3环和4环为主,单个PAH以萘、菲、荧蒽和苯并[b]萤蒽为主;而植物中的PAH以3环为主,单个PAH以萘、菲为主.PAH可在0～100 cm的土层范围内有效移动和传输,其中表层土壤的输入比率要高于移动和传输的比率.影响PAH在土壤和植物中分布的因素除PAH本身的理化性质外,土壤的理化性质、植物种类和环境条件同时起重要的作用.     

Utilization of Aromatic Rice in Improving Grain Quality of Hybrid Rice (Ⅰ)

To improve grain quality of the high-yielding hybrid rice in China, we introduced the aromatic rice MR365, an improved Indian cultivar, from IRRI in 1984 and began to transfer its aroma and good quality characters into the existing maintainer lines. In the meantime, the research on the inheritance of aroma for increasing the breeding efficiency was also conducted.It was found that the inheritance of aroma in MR 365 and its derivatives was controlled by one pair of recessive major genes based on the KOH-soaking method. There existed disparity in aroma degree among different grains of F2 generation, and different aromatic CMS lines derived from the same aromatic donor had also a little difference in the degree of aroma, which implies that, besides the major genes, aroma may also be affected by the genetic backgrounds or minor genes.Xiangxiang 2A, developed from the cross of V20A//V20B/MR365, is the first aromatic CMS line bred in China. It is not only aromatic but also has good grain quality and combining ability. Using it as female parent, Xiangyou 63 (Xiangxiang 2A / Minghui 63), the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice combination in China, was developed, and released to farmers in 1995. Xiangyou 63 is characteristic of quasi-aromatic or partially aromatic (because only a portion of or not all grains are aromatic), good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good blast resistance and wide adaptability.     

Determining tolerance limits for restoration and phytoremediation with Spartina patens in crude oil-contaminated sediment in greenhouse

Oil spills may detrimentally damage sensitive coastal habitats, such as coastal wetlands. Successful restoration of oiled habitats primarily depends on the tolerance of vegetation transplants to oil. In this study, tolerance limits of the dominant coastal brackish marsh plant Spartina patens to South Louisiana crude (SLC) oil and its phytoremediation effectiveness on petroleum hydrocarbons in wetland sediments were investigated in the greenhouse environment. Spartina patens was transplanted into brackish marsh sediments contaminated with SLC oil at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 800 mg SLC oil g^?1 dry sediment. High oil concentrations adversely affected plant stem density, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass even one year after transplantation. At the 320 mg g^?1 oil dosage, plant belowground biomass was significantly lower than the control although aboveground variables were not significantly different from the control. All plant parameters mentioned above at the 640 mg g^?1 oil dosage were less than 50% of the control. Spartina patens did not survive the 800 mg g^?1 oil dosage. The tolerance limit of S. patens to SLC was estimated about 320 mg oil g^?1 dry sediment. In addition, S. patens transplants enhanced oil degradation in the sediment; concentrations of residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the sediments vegetated by S. patens were significantly lower than those of un-vegetated sediments for both the surface and subsurface sediment at the 40 and 160 mg g^?1 SLC oil dosages. Decreases in the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) further demonstrated the capacity of S. patens to phytoremediate residual oil; residual total targeted PAHs in the phytoremediation treatment were less than 20% of the un-vegetated treatment at the 40 mg g^?1 oil dosage. These results demonstrated the potential of phytoremediation with S. patens to simultaneously restore and remediate petroleum-contaminated coastal marsh habitats.     

Removal of benzo (a) pyrene from soil using an endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus ()

The endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857) was the most abundant species (75%) in soil contaminated with hydrocarbons, mostly benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), in the state of Tabasco (Mexico). The earthworm P. corethrurus was tested for its capacity to remove 100 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from an Anthrosol soil (sterilized or not) and amended with legume Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck (3%) or the grass Brachiaria humidicola (L.) DC (3%) (recently renamed as Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga) in an aerobic incubation experiment. P. corethrurus removed 26.6 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from the sterilized soil and application of B. humidicola as feed increased this to 35.7 mg BaP kg⁻¹ and M. pruriens to 34.2 mg BaP kg⁻¹ after 112 days. The autochthonous microorganisms removed 9.1 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from the unsterilized soil and application of B. humidicola increased this to 18.0 mg BaP kg⁻¹ and M. pruriens to 11.2 mg BaP kg⁻¹. Adding P. corethrurus to the unsterilized soil accelerated the removal of BaP and 36.1 mg kg⁻¹ was dissipated from soil. It was found that the autochthonous microorganisms removed BaP from soil, but addition of P. corethrurus increased the dissipation 4-fold. The endogeic earthworm P. corethrurus can thus be used to remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in tropical regions.     

江苏典型斑点叉尾鮰（Ictalurus punctatus）养殖区多环芳烃生态风险及健康风险评价

为评价江苏典型斑点叉尾鮰养殖区多环芳烃(PAHs)残留水平和生态风险及健康风险,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCMS)根据生长阶段跟踪监测了江苏主要养殖区养殖塘斑点叉尾鮰鱼体、池塘水体和底泥中多环芳烃残留;采用Kalf风险商值法,进行池塘水体生态风险评价;利用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对池塘底泥开展生态风险评价;并用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对斑点叉尾鮰食用安全进行健康风险评价。在鱼体、养殖水体、底泥中,16种PAHs总检出率为100%,但致癌性物质苯并[a]芘均未检出,单体Nap、Phe、BaA、Pyr、Chr、Flu、Ace为常见检出物,其中Phe检出率达100%,Nap达到80%以上。结构组成上,鱼体、养殖水体均以2～4环为主要成分,底泥结构较为复杂,以3～4环为优势组分。鱼体中(以湿质量计)总PAHs含量范围在11.75～60.02μg·kg~(-1),对食用斑点叉尾鮰引起的健康风险进行评价,成人的风险范围为2.25×10~(-9)～5.80×10~(-7)a~(-1),致癌风险远小于最大可接受水平,处于致癌风险控制水平。池塘养殖水PAHs含量范围在0.03～0.46μg·L~(-1),总体上生态风险程度为低风险,但单体Nap、Phe及部分池塘中Ace、Pyr及Fla处于中等风险水平,其他单体对生态系统的影响可以忽略。底泥(以干质量计)PAHs含量在24.48～145.04μg·kg~(-1),总体上PAHs对生物毒副作用不显著。     

植物和微生物修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

阐述了植物和微生物降解环境中石油污染物及PAHs的重要作用和最新进展。国内外大量实验室研究表明,不同植物和微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)联合修复石油污染土壤均得到了较为理想的效果,在某种程度上微生物菌群要优于单一菌株;土壤中植物根系与微生物形成根际效应对污染物的降解起到了促进作用;生物表面活性剂较合成表面活性剂具有更好的生态适宜性和石油污染土壤修复能力;土壤中多组分污染物共同修复虽处于起步阶段,其作用机理也有待进一步研究,但是,发展前景值得期待。目前该领域的研究仍存在一些问题有待解决:植物–微生物菌群降解石油污染物过程中,微生物菌群间协同和竞争机制及试验结果的可重复性尚需证实;实验室研究与大田环境条件的差异,使得目前的研究成果尚需田间试验的验证和支持;根据土壤类型和气候特点,研究极端(高含盐量;氮、磷等营养元素缺乏;低温)条件下的石油高效降解菌株/群,制备有效的便于大田应用的固体菌肥意义重大;同时在确定石油污染物对环境致害的限值的基础上,建立石油污染土壤评价体系也势在必行。     

多环芳烃在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移及控制因素

选取典型表层岩溶泉域内的土壤剖面为研究对象,分析土壤样品的主要理化指标,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对土壤中的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)进行定量分析,研究16种PAHs在土壤剖面中的垂直迁移规律及控制因素。结果表明,所研究的5个土壤剖面中,16种PAHs均被检测出,其多环芳烃含量范围为161～3 285 ng g-1,平均值为987 ng g-1。兰花沟泉域水稻田和水房泉泉域土壤剖面中,PAHs的组成均以低环PAHs为主,后沟泉泉域土壤剖面中以高环PAHs为主,柏树湾泉域马尾松林地和兰花沟泉域马尾松林地土壤剖面中,0～2 cm表层土壤中以高环PAHs为主,2 cm以下土层中以低环PAHs为主。从剖面PAHs含量和组成变化可以判断,低环PAHs较易迁移,但在土层较薄的后沟泉泉域土壤剖面中,由于翻耕等人为的扰动,高环PAHs也较易迁移。5个剖面中,PAHs在水房泉泉域土壤剖面的迁移能力最强。由于岩溶区较薄的土壤层,使得PAHs较易迁移并污染表层岩溶泉水。对土壤理化性质和PAHs总量进行多元回归分析,表明土壤总有机碳(TOC)是控制后沟泉、兰花沟泉和柏树湾泉泉域土壤中PAHs迁移的主要因子,而在水房泉泉域土壤中,无主要影响因子。     

多环芳烃对2种南方绿化树种生长的影响

采用盆栽实验,研究了3种多环芳烃污染水平(重度L3:371.79 mg.kg-1)、(中度L2:186.35 mg.kg-1)、(轻度L1:77.79 mg.kg-1)下对1年生南方绿化树种广玉兰Magnolia grandiflora和马褂木Liriodendron chinense生长的影响.结果表明:2种绿化树种均能在多环芳烃污染的土壤中生长;经6个月和12个月的胁迫处理后,马褂木的茎高和地径在L1、L2污染水平下均比对照高,且马褂木地径生长变化率与多环芳烃L2污染水平呈显著差异关系,而广玉兰只有高生长在L2污染水平下比对照高;马褂木地径增长量与广玉兰相比,12个月后分别在L1和L2水平下表现为显著性差异.这说明马褂木对多环芳烃的耐受能力比广玉兰强.     

石榴果实香气物质的研究

利用顶空固相微萃取法提取大青皮甜石榴整体果实、石榴皮和石榴籽汁的芳香物质,气相色谱-质谱联机定性定量分析,检测香气组分.石榴香气组分中以醛类和醇类为主,在石榴整体果实中占总峰面积的78.32%和14.52%,在石榴皮中占89.88%和4.70%,在石榴籽汁中占82.15%和9.78%.石榴中共检测出77种香气组分,其中石榴果实、果皮和籽汁中分别检测出42种、39种和43种.香气成分中共有的成分为18种,在果实、果皮和籽汁中分别占总峰面积的94.62%、95.59%和93.76%.2-己烯醛、己醛、3-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛为石榴的主要香气成分,在果实、果皮和籽汁分别占78.27%、89.78%和81.79%.结果表明,石榴香气组分以C6醛和醇为主,石榴不同部分香气组分差异也主要表现在C6醛和醇含量的差异上.