典型地震灾区农业土壤重金属分布特征与评价

在典型地震灾区彭州市通济镇新黄村选取29个农业土壤样品,其中水田土壤分层采样,研究土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn空间分布特征和污染程度。结果表明:该村土壤重金属含量不等,由高到低依次为Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd。区域内耕地土壤平均重金属含量高于非耕地,安置点土壤重金属平均含量高于非安置点。水田土壤重金属含量随着土层深度增加,含量逐渐减少。在同一土层,安置点土壤重金属含量高于自然水田。土壤Cd为重污染,Cu为轻污染,Zn预警,未受Pb污染,其综合污染指数为Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb。34.48%样点受污染,绝大多数为冲积平原与丘陵交界处安置点水田土壤。     

An on-site computer system for comprehensive agricultural air quality research

Scientific studies using direct agricultural air quality (AAQ) measurement have experienced revolutionary changes since such a study was first reported in the early 1950s. Comprehensive AAQ research with multi-institutional or international collaboration, long-term monitoring, and multi-pollutant measurement has been conducted with greater frequency. On-site computer system (OSCS), consisting of data acquisition hardware, a personal computer, and custom-developed AAQ research software has become an important tool in these studies. The role of the OSCS has been expanded from exclusively data acquisition to a combination of data acquisition, control, regular and advanced data processing, and communication. This paper studied the general and specific requirements of OSCS in AAQ research and introduced a system with new methodology and technology for high level quality assurance and quality control (QAQC).Data acquisition in AAQ studies is needed for five main categories of instruments and sensors: pollutant concentrations, air exchange, weather conditions, building status, and measurement system status. Regular data processing consists of converting electrical signals to engineering units, averaging data over a given period of time, and performing data correction. Advanced data processing includes calculating location-shared analyzers and sensors (LSAS) data and instrument calibration data and generating daily reports in real-time or upon user requests. The primary control needs in AAQ research centers around the LSAS using multi-point air sampling system. Controls for sampling tubing heating and equipment cooling are often required. Computer communications to monitor system status, deliver alarms and data, and provide remote diagnosis and controls help to reduce operation costs and increase research quality and data completeness.An OSCS that offered flexibility, high capacity, user-friendliness, and high level QAQC was developed for field and laboratory AAQ research. A total of 29 OSCSs have been built and used in various AAQ studies in 13 states in USA for handling a total of more than 3.0 billion data points. The system adapted a set of data processing algorithms as well as some novel features, including All-data Display and Dynamic Run-time Configuration (DDRC), Digital Output DDRC, real-time sampling system monitoring and protection, Global Channel, traceable configuration, and post-measurement data processing. The system also integrated two stand-alone instruments, an Innova multi-gas analyzer and a 7-port Environics gas diluter, which are popular in AAQ research. The strengths, weaknesses, and future development of the system are also discussed.     

跨行政区域水污染民事侵害事件解决机制探索

随着工业化、城镇化水平的不断推进,我国跨行政区域水污染民事侵害事件呈现多发态势,由此类纠纷引发的社会矛盾格外引人关注。排污主体的环境外部不经济性、流域水体整体性同行政区划分割的矛盾、现行解决跨行政区域水污染民事侵害事件的相关法律法规存在“缺陷”等因素是导致此类纠纷不能及时、公正、准确解决的原因。以环保法的相关原则及国外经验模式,提出了建立以流域为整体的水环境信息共享与水污染应急处理机制、水污染事故认定与评估机制、水污染事故协调与调解机制、建立公众监督与公益诉讼机制、建立预防排污主体外部不经济性行为发生的机制、构建畅通环境民事侵害纠纷处理渠道的司法机制等。     

土法炼锌的环境危害及废弃矿区环境评价

统计已有的研究数据,分析土法炼锌区环境中重金属的污染状况与环境危害,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,综合评价土法炼锌历史较久的赫章县妈姑镇废弃矿区环境质量状况.结果显示,矿区大气、土壤和食物中重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cd的总含量均超标;土壤污染严重,不适合种植粮食类作物,已收获的食物不能安全食用;河水中Pb、Zn、Cd的浓度符合Ⅲ类水质要求,但底泥和悬浮物中重金属总含量很高,是潜在的污染源,对河水水质和水生生物的生存构成威胁;建议对矿区弃渣和受污染土壤进行治理,采用农家肥、磷肥与碱石灰混合施用的方法可行.     

新疆奎屯垦区土壤氟污染调查

用网格布点法在奎屯垦区4个团场共采集土壤样品99个.通过对土壤中可溶性氟的测定,利用地统计学的方法与GIS技术研究了该地区土壤(0～20 cm)水溶性氟的污染状况,并对水溶性氟在土壤中的含量进行了预测.结果表明:所有监测数据水溶性氟含量均超过了我国地氟病发生区表层土壤水溶性氟的含量2.50 mg/kg,平均值达22.15 mg/kg,最高值达76.39 mg/kg,已经出现了高氟现象;4个团场中,129团土壤水溶性氟含量差异最大,变异系数为64.98%,土壤水溶性氟含量高的区域相对集中,大于30.00 mg/kg的区域出现在127团、128团和129团一带,其中128团所占的面积最大.     

微生物对土壤中铅富集作用的研究

用3种不同培养基从铅矿厂周围土壤样品中筛选出了9株对重金属铅离子具有生物富集能力的菌株,其中4株真菌,3株细菌和2株放线菌。将富集能力最强的菌株初步鉴定为青霉属。研究了与土壤共培养条件下,该青霉菌在不同接触时间内对土壤可溶性铅的富集效果。结果表明,在温度为28℃,土壤初始铅离子含量为500 mg/kg时,土壤铅离子浓度随着青霉菌培养时间的延长而降低。在接种青霉菌24 h后,土壤中可溶态铅离子浓度已经显著下降;培养处理72 h后;土壤中可溶态铅离子含量降为121.75 mg/kg,最高富集率达到为96.54%;此后至96 h,可溶态铅离子浓度趋于稳定。因此,用青霉菌富集土壤中铅是有潜在应用价值的。     

再生水分根交替滴灌对马铃薯根-土系统环境因子的影响研究

分根交替(PRD)滴灌技术是很有节水潜力的灌水技术.利用再生水,采用分根交替滴灌技术对马铃薯根长密度、根重密度及土壤水盐的空间分布影响进行了研究.结果表明,马铃薯根系主要分布在0～60 cm的土层内,以植株为中心,呈放射状沿不同方向减小.通过研究所建马铃薯根长密度的空间分布函数能较好地反映根系的三维分布趋势.PRD灌溉可以刺激马铃薯根系生长,水分利用效率提高39%.进行PRD灌溉时应重点考虑滴头位置处及垄坡上的水盐变化,最好能起到节水控盐的双重作用.再生水PRD地下滴灌是对传统地表滴灌的优化和提升.     

北京市农田生态系统氮素养分平衡与负荷研究——以密云县和房山区为例

为揭示北京市农田生态系统氮素养分平衡与负荷状况,利用物质流分析中"输入=输出+盈余"的物质守恒原理,以氮素养分为介质建立农田生态系统氮素平衡模型.根据北京地区密云、房山2007年统计资料和文献查询获取的参数,估算了密云、房山氮养分输入、输出以及养分盈余,并分析了养分产生的环境效应.结果表明,2007年损失进入大气和水体环境中的养分总量分别为4 255.26 t和7 728.95 t,盈余在农田生态系统土壤中的养分总量分别为7 320.51t和14 566.64 t,通过损失途径进入环境和盈余在农田生态系统中的单位面积耕地氮养分负荷高风险地区集中在密云、房山的东部地区.通过对比研究.分析氮养分损失态和盈余态负荷基本趋势,找到了污染潜势产生原因.提出了促进农出氮平衡与降低氮养分负荷相应的调控对策和措施.     

贵州省典型铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染状况评价

在贵州DD、DX典型铅锌矿区共采集土壤表层样品27件,针对不同采样点和不同片段的整体研究,采用单因子污染指数法和N.L.Nemerow综合污染指数法对研究区域重金属污染进行研究,结果表明,矿区土壤中重金属污染程度有较大差异,其中Cu、As、Cr等重金属元素无或轻污染;Cd、Zn、Hg、Pb等重金属元素对该区土壤环境已造成污染;2个研究区域土壤中重金属综合污染已相当严重。     

永城煤矿塌陷区水污染对鲫鱼外周血细胞数量的影响

选用鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为研究对象,以相对无煤矿污染的商丘天沐湖为对照,以煤矿污染较严重的永城煤矿塌陷积水区为研究样地,研究永城煤矿塌陷区水质对鲫鱼外周血细胞数量的影响。结果表明:与对照天沐湖相比,永城煤矿塌陷区样地鲫鱼的红细胞数量极显著增加(P<0.01),但白细胞数量差异不显著(P>0.05);从白细胞分类计数统计结果看,淋巴细胞极显著增加(P<0.01),血栓细胞极显著减少(P<0.01),单核细胞显著减少(P<0.05);嗜中性粒细胞虽有减少,但两地差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之,永城煤矿塌陷区水污染已造成鲫鱼外周血细胞数量发生明显改变。