黄河下游灌区河南段农业非点源污染现状及原因分析

探明黄河下游大型灌区农业非点源污染状况,对区域环境质量安全和农业可持续发展具有重大意义。笔者分析了近年来黄河下游灌区河南段农业非点源污染相关数据,概述了该地区农业非点源污染形成的主要原因,指出了农用化学物质的不合理使用、生活与养殖废弃物随意排放等均不同程度地产生了农业污染,对地下水水质造成了影响。地下水硝态氮平均含量达9.31 mg/L,接近世界卫生组织地下水硝态氮含量的最大允许浓度。畜禽排泄物中COD和氨氮量分别为458.15万t和44.86万t,是全省工业及生活污水产生COD和氨氮量的7.03倍和5.89倍。     

湖南省浏阳市砂梨绿色果品生产基地环境评价

湖南省浏阳市大围山镇和中和镇绿色果品梨基地的土壤、灌溉水、大气质量的监测和评价结果表明：浏阳市大围山等地梨生产基地的7项土壤质量指标、9项灌溉水质量指标、4项大气质量指标和27项果品质量指标均符合国家《绿色食品梨产地环境条件》限制指标,产地环境条件完全能够满足绿色果品梨的生产要求;但镉、砷和挥发酚有可能成为绿色果品梨生产基地的土壤、灌溉水和大气的未来主要污染物。针对目前梨园现状,提出果园种草,增加植被覆盖,禁止果园使用砷制剂等措施,以降低土壤中镉、砷含量和大气悬浮物的含量。     

大宝山矿污染弃耕农田不同恢复植被下土壤动物群落结构及多样性

为了筛选重金属超富集植物提供土壤生态的科学依据,选取大宝山矿坝心区重金属污染弃耕农田上5种自然修复植物和1种人工栽培植物,采用干漏斗法（Tullgren法）进行6种植物根系下土壤动物群落结构及多样性调查与研究,共分离鉴定168只动物,分属2门7纲12目和4种幼体。结果表明,土壤强酸性和多金属（Cu、Cd、Zn）重度污染是导致弃耕农田动物群落结构简单,动物数量较少的主要原因,不同植被生长对根系下土壤动物的群落结构有一定影响,表现为乌毛蕨、类芦、小白菜、铺地黍4种植物根系下,土壤动物群落结构相对复杂,多样性指数较高,芦苇和斑茅的根系下土壤动物结构简单,多样性指数较低,无植物的裸露地下土壤动物结构最简单;不同植被的根系下土壤动物的群落结构有差别,表现为常见类群和稀有类群差别较大。     

水生藻类的环境指示作用

为了方便有效地监测水环境中有氮磷污染物、重金属、农药及其他有机污染物等,笔者研究了水生藻类对水体环境中相应污染物的敏感性和耐受性,以及污染物对水域生态系统中藻类种群结构所造成的影响,分析了污染物对水生藻类的毒理和富集等,获得了大量数据。结果表明,水生藻类对一些水环境污染物具有较好的指示作用,该方法便于直观快速地调查分析相应水体的污染情况。     

夜间增温与铜污染对麦田土壤无机氮库的影响

基于夜间增温（设增温、常温两个水平）与铜污染 \[设CK（6 mg·kg^-1）、LP(43 mg·kg^-1）、MP（155 mg·kg^-1）、SP（209 mg·kg^-1）4个梯度\] 复合因素的7 a旱地定位试验,结合室内20℃和30℃下恒温培养91 d,分析了麦田土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮含量的变化及其稳定特征。研究结果表明：土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮随着土壤中铜含量的增加均表现为先增后降趋势,夜间增温下CK土壤硝态氮和无机态氮含量分别显著降低10.8%和5.7%,在LP、MP处理下硝态氮含量分别显著下降17.4%、15.2%,但在SP处理下土壤硝态氮、铵态氮分别显著增加6.9%和15.1%,增温与铜含量对土壤无机态氮和硝态氮的影响呈现显著的交互效应。20℃和30℃恒温培养使无机态氮含量增加1.6~4.6倍、铵态氮含量增加5.2~13.3倍,却使硝态氮含量减少40.3%~65.1%,20℃比30℃恒温培养后土壤中有较高的无机态氮、铵态氮含量和铵/硝比。夜间增温使土壤净氮矿化作用、氨化作用的Q₁₀值均有所提高,但硝化作用的Q₁₀值显著降低16.8%,适当的铜含量（LP：43 mg·kg^-1）将加快土壤氮的氨化、矿化和硝化速率。因此,夜间增温提高了旱地麦田土壤氮矿化作用温度敏感性,降低了无机态氮库稳定性,土壤铜污染与土壤氮库转化和增温响应的关系具有浓度效应。     

Effects of microplastic polystyrene, simulated acid rain and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Trifolium repens growth and soil microbial community composition

Microplastic pollution is a global and ubiquitous environmental problem in the oceans as well as in the terrestrial environment. We examined the fate of microplastic polystyrene (MPS) beads in experimental soil in the presence and absence of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and simulated acid rain (SAR) to determine whether the combinations of these three factors altered the growth of white clover Trifolium repens. We found that MPS, SAR, or AMF added singly to soil did not alter T. repens growth or yields. In contrast, MPS and AMF together significantly reduced shoot biomass, while SAR and MPS together significantly reduced soil available phosphorus independent of AMF presence. Microplastic polystyrene, AMF, and SAR together significantly reduced soil NO^-₃-N. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi added singly also enriched the beneficial soil bacteria (genus Solirubrobacter), while MPS combined with AMF significantly enriched the potential plant pathogenic fungus Spiromastix. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation with MPS increased the abundance of soil hydrocarbon degraders independent of the presence of SAR. In addition, the abundance of soil nitrate reducers was increased by MPS, especially in the presence of AMF and SAR. Moreover, SAR alone increased the abundance of soil pathogens within the fungal community including antibiotic producers. These findings indicate that the coexistence of MPS, SAR, and AMF may exacerbate the adverse effects of MPS on soil and plant health.     

浅谈辽宁林业能源建设与可持续发展

文章依据辽宁省现有林业资源,通过借鉴国内外先进的生物质能源理论和技术,浅析了辽宁省发展林业生物质能源的可行性和必要性。     

浅谈道路交通环境影响因素及对策

分析了道路交通对环境的污染,从噪声污染、对大气的污染、对水和土壤的污染等角度谈了道路交通对环境的影响,并提出了道路交通环境保护的对策。     

土地利用关系法在非点源污染负荷预测中的应用

流域土地利用与非点源污染之间的关系非常密切。当流域内降雨特性近似时,基于土地利用类型－污染物负荷相关性的土地利用相关法很适合我国有限资料条件下的污染负荷预测。分析了土地利用关系法的基本原理和方法,结合在陕西黑河水库的应用实例,结果表明这种方法具有结构简单、应用方便的特点,适宜预测土地利用变化后的非点源污染负荷。     

Atmospheric Environmental Impact Simulation of Gas Fired Boilers as Peak Load Heat Sources

Heating with gas can reduce air pollutant emission and therefore becomes a new sort of peak load heat source. To study the atmospheric environmental impact, we adopted a newly built combined heating system and simulated its pollutant dispersion for centralized and distributed peak heating. The simulations were based on the improved regulatory environmental impact assessment (EIA) guidelines for atmospheric environment. The model developed an algorithm for infill wind direction simulation and exported pollutant contours for comparisons. Simulation results show that the system's atmospheric environmental impact is related not only to the pollution emission quantity per quantificational heating, but also to the distribution of heat resource in the gas fired boilers. The centralized peak heating has comparatively small environmental impact; for distributed peak heating, the more concentration of gas fired boilers distribution is applied, the more serious environmental impact will be. In addition, the optimum setting proportion of gas fired boilers should be between 0.2 and 0.6 from the perspective of environmental impact.