生菜地上部镉累积规律及其与矿质元素浓度的关系

为探究镉污染条件下日光温室生菜在整个生育期内对镉的吸收规律及其与矿质元素吸收的关系,采取田间试验的方法,以立生二号生菜作为供试材料,种植在镉污染(Cd浓度1.87 mg·kg~(-1))日光温室内。在整个生育期不间断采样,测定生菜地上部Cd及Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg含量。结果表明,生菜地上部Cd浓度在苗期从2.70 mg·kg~(-1)增加到3.62 mg·kg~(-1),器官形成期从3.62 mg·kg~(-1)降低到2.40 mg·kg~(-1),抽薹期从2.40 mg·kg~(-1)降低到1.64 mg·kg~(-1)。单株生菜地上部Cd累积的速率可以用"S"型曲线方程进行描述(R~2=0.99)。苗期、器官形成期和抽薹期Cd累积速率分别为0.098、0.516、0.056μg·株~(-1)·d~(-1)。Cd与Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg浓度相关系数在整个生长阶段生菜分别为-0.77、-0.31、-0.06、0.09、0.46、-0.10,在营养生长阶段分别为-0.43、0.25、-0.06、0.16、0.56、0.41,在生殖生长阶段分别为-0.82、-0.26、0.72、0.93、0.42、0。可以得出如下结论:生菜地上部Cd浓度的变化与地上部生物量的变化高度相关,Cd浓度在苗期增加,在器官形成期和抽薹期降低。约15%的Cd累积发生在苗期,约80%的Cd累积发生在器官形成期,约5%的Cd累积发生在抽薹期。整个生长阶段生菜地上部Cd浓度和Fe浓度变化呈极显著负相关,和Ca呈显著正相关;在营养生长阶段,生菜地上部Cd浓度和Ca浓度变化呈显著正相关;在生殖生长阶段生菜地上部Cd浓度变化和Fe显著负相关,和Zn、Ca显著正相关。     

我国运动式治污的有限否定及渐进调试

运动式治污实践效能的边界存在于行政主体职责同构和有限社会资源及政策工具选择的困境中。运动式治理在本质上视为以权威和目标责任为基础的环境威权主义的集中体现,具有一定的局限性。在科层化和社会化之间的运动式治理,应该持“有限否定”的价值取向,通过政府纵向有限“脱嵌”和公民横向“再嵌”摆脱路径依赖,构建顺应国家与社会双向运动力量的复合型治理模式,最终实现环境可持续常态化运作机制。     

我国农业面源污染现状及其对策研究

随着我国经济的快速发展,农业面源污染已成为我国环境污染的主要原因之一。农业面源污染制约农业可持续发展,已成为亟待解决的环境问题。目前,造成农业面源污染的原因主要是化肥农药的过量施用和流失,畜禽和水产养殖业污染,水土流失,作物秸秆大量废弃以及农膜污染。农业面源污染具有分散性、广泛性、随机性等特征,对土壤、水体、大气造成负面影响。本文针对农业面源污染问题,从生物、物理、化学以及农业管理等角度提出了相应的防治对策及措施,以期有效治理农业面源污染,保护环境,促进农业可持续发展。     

一种水肥气高效耦合灌溉系统的设计与试验研究

本研究旨在解决传统灌溉农业的“水氧矛盾”和根系的“向水追氧”两大农业难题,应用现代水肥耦合和增氧灌溉技术,设计了一种水肥气高效耦合灌溉系统。通过应用灌溉系统对水稻、黄瓜等作物的栽培试验证明：相比于常规灌溉方式,水、肥、气耦合灌溉能促进作物根系生长和提高根系活力,使其能最大限度地从土壤中吸收水分和养分,进一步挖掘和提高作物自身生产力,提高水肥利用效率,增产提质,同时也为从根源上缓解农业面源污染提供一种新途径。     

小白菜间作对苎麻地上部分汞吸收富集的影响

将汞转运富集能力较强的苎麻与对汞富集系数较小的叶菜类蔬菜（小白菜）套作,研究这种套作模式下,土壤中汞的形态变化及两种作物对土壤中汞的吸收富集特征。结果表明：单作小白菜(T1)、单作苎麻(T2)及苎麻-小白菜间作(T3)体系中土壤酸溶态汞的含量较对照明显增高,增幅分别为39.49%、61.67%、58.47%,残渣态的汞含量也有降低趋势,从原来的51.22% (CK)下降到45.61% (T3);苎麻-小白菜间作(T3)提高了麻叶和麻皮中汞的含量,降低了小白菜体内汞的含量。通过苎麻与小白菜间作,可以实现汞污染农地的土壤修复与农业生产的双赢。     

新疆棉花生产面源污染防控的理论模式分析

为解决新疆区域内日益突出的农业面源污染问题,促进其新农村建设和农业可持续发展,本研究首先介绍新疆植棉区概况,了解棉花生产在新疆经济社会发展中的地位,然后通过分析新疆棉花生产面源污染的现状及问题,对新疆农业面源污染防控各理论模式进行比较分析,找出最适合新疆的防控模式,最后提出农业面源污染防控相关对策建议。     

Suitability of common models to estimate hydrology and diffuse water pollution in North-eastern German lowland catchments with intensive agricultural land use

Various process-based models are extensively being used to analyze and forecast catchment hydrology and water quality. However, it is always important to select the appropriate hydrological and water quality modeling tools to predict and analyze the watershed and also consider their strengths and weaknesses. Different factors such as data availability, hydrological, hydraulic, and water quality processes and their desired level of complexity are crucial for selecting a plausible modeling tool. This review is focused on suitable model selection with a focus on desired hydrological, hydraulic and water quality processes (nitrogen fate and transport in surface, subsurface and groundwater bodies) by keeping in view the typical lowland catchments with intensive agricultural land use, higher groundwater tables, and decreased retention times due to the provision of artificial drainage. In this study, four different physically based, partially and fully distributed integrated water modeling tools, SWAT (soil and water assessment tool), SWIM (soil and water integrated model), HSPF (hydrological simulation program– FORTRAN) and a combination of tools from DHI (MIKE SHE coupled with MIKE 11 and ECO Lab), have been reviewed particularly for the Tollense River catchment located in North-eastern Germany. DHI combined tools and SWAT were more suitable for simulating the desired hydrological processes, but in the case of river hydraulics and water quality, the DHI family of tools has an edge due to their integrated coupling between MIKE SHE, MIKE 11 and ECO Lab. In case of SWAT, it needs to be coupled with another tool to model the hydraulics in the Tollense River as SWAT does not include backwater effects and provision of control structures. However, both SWAT and DHI tools are more data demanding in comparison to SWIM and HSPF. For studying nitrogen fate and transport in unsaturated, saturated, and river zone, HSPF was a better model to simulate the desired nitrogen transformation and transport processes. However, for nitrogen dynamics and transformations in shallow streams, ECO Lab had an edge due its flexibility for inclusion of user-desired water quality parameters and processes. In the case of SWIM, most of the input data and governing equations are similar to SWAT but it does not include water bodies (ponds and lakes), wetlands and drainage systems. In this review, only the processes that were needed to simulate the Tollense River catchment were considered, however the resulted model selection criteria can be generalized to other lowland catchments in Australia, North-western Europe and North America with similar complexity.     

湿地植被污染物的分析和处理

最近几年我国农业飞速发展,过度使用农药以及化肥,周围河流受到非常严重的污 染。湿地资源比较丰富的地区可以充分利用湿地,对农业造成的污染进行处理。调查河套地区 所有的湿地的情况,对湿地的植被以及水文等进行分析,探讨湿地植被通过怎样的方式缓解农业 污染物对环境造成的压力。     

生活污水对白骨壤和红海榄叶片指标及结构的影响

为了探讨2种红树植物叶片对生活污水环境的适应性,采用石蜡切片法和显微拍照法观察了白骨壤和红海榄2种红树植物的叶片结构。结果表明：污染区的白骨壤叶片的上角质层厚度、表皮层厚度、上内皮层厚度等均比无污染区的白骨壤大,而污染区的红海榄叶片则在下角质层厚度、上表皮层厚度、下内皮层厚度等指标上比污染区的红海榄显著增大,表明生活污水对红树植物的生长有一定的影响。     

贮存中的沼液污染因子分析评估

为实现沼液农田安全应用,研究了规模化养猪场沼液在不同贮存时间条件下,有机物和重金属变化规律,并对污染因子进行分析。结果表明沼液中污染物总量随贮存时间增加而下降,主要致污因子为3种有机污染物,5种重金属均无超标,沼液贮存时间大于9天综合污染评价为安全级,且农田应用需兑水稀释。评价结果还为沼气工程的工艺改进提供参考。