线性规划模型在农村能源建设中的运用

本文分析了线性规划模型在农村能源开发利用中运用的必要性和可行性。系统阐述了如何将农村能源多元结构的优化问题表达为线性规划数学模型，并以四川米易县农村能源开发利用优化设计为例进行了分析求解。     

小麦秸秆生物炭对石油烃污染土壤的修复作用

以小麦秸秆为原材料,在300℃下缺氧裂解3、6、8 h制备生物炭,比较了3种生物炭的产率、pH值、灰分以及C、H、N元素含量,表征了300℃、6 h生物炭的表面形态,并用其作为修复材料,对大港油田的石油污染土壤进行修复。结果表明,随裂解时间的延长,生物炭产率下降,pH值升高,灰分含量增加,H/C值下降,但产率、pH值、灰分和H/C值都是从3 h到6 h差异显著,6 h到8 h差异不显著。C元素含量先升高后下降。石油污染土壤经生物炭修复14 d和28d后,总石油烃降解率分别为45.48%和46.88%,均显著高于对照组。修复14 d后土壤中的萘、苊、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘也都有不同程度的下降,其中苯并[a]芘含量下降幅度达98.18%,其他几种PAH的降解率也都高于对照组,28 d后这些PAH的含量又有上升趋势。这说明小麦秸秆裂解时间对生物炭的性质有影响;300℃、6h生物炭可以用来修复石油污染的土壤。     

现阶段滁州市农业结构调整思路探讨

分析现阶段滁州农业结构调整的现状及存在的问题，根据农业发展的新阶段对优质无公害农产品生产的要求，提出滁州市农业结构调整思路。     

新疆奎屯垦区土壤氟污染调查

用网格布点法在奎屯垦区4个团场共采集土壤样品99个.通过对土壤中可溶性氟的测定,利用地统计学的方法与GIS技术研究了该地区土壤(0～20 cm)水溶性氟的污染状况,并对水溶性氟在土壤中的含量进行了预测.结果表明:所有监测数据水溶性氟含量均超过了我国地氟病发生区表层土壤水溶性氟的含量2.50 mg/kg,平均值达22.15 mg/kg,最高值达76.39 mg/kg,已经出现了高氟现象;4个团场中,129团土壤水溶性氟含量差异最大,变异系数为64.98%,土壤水溶性氟含量高的区域相对集中,大于30.00 mg/kg的区域出现在127团、128团和129团一带,其中128团所占的面积最大.     

土壤铅、镉污染及其微生物修复研究进展

随着经济的飞速发展,受到重金属污染的地区越来越多,环境问题也日益突出,特别是铅、镉等常见的重金属元素,对土地造成的污染尤为严重.与微生物修复技术相比,常见的物理化学修复技术易造成二次污染.而微生物修复以污染小、成本低等特点成为热门的重金属土地污染修复技术,越来越受到关注.研究综述了铅、镉污染现状及其微生物修复技术在土壤修复中的应用,包括微生物修复的机理、优缺点及今后的发展方向.     

上海市稻田耕作制度演变与绿色高质量发展进程

水稻生产不仅对于保障粮食安全意义重大,同时稻田作为一类特殊的人工湿地,对城市的可持续发展也至关重要。上海稻田耕作制度从20世纪80年代的三熟制转变为两熟制,到2010年代又从两熟制逐渐调整为一熟制。近年来,逐步形成了用地与养地相结合的耕作制度,部分地区成功探索了稻田种养结合的绿色生产模式,并逐步实现了品牌化生产。然而,上海水稻绿色生产也面临诸多挑战,包括粮食稳产压力、资源与环境约束以及高度依赖财政补贴、自身盈利能力不足等。针对上述问题,本文提出了今后稻田耕作制度绿色、高质量发展的对策：在确保耕地面积、稻田比例不下降与稳定单产潜力的基础上,稳定全市粮食产量;创新和集成绿色栽培技术,提升稻田湿地生态功能;深化稻米品牌建设,以品牌化实现生态产品价值,提升水稻绿色种植经济效益。     

Community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Robinia pseudoacacia in uncontaminated and heavy metal contaminated soils

The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil remediation has been widely recognized because of their ability to promote plant growth and increase phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal (HM) polluted soils by improving plant nutrient absorption and by influencing the fate of the metals in the plant and soil. However, the symbiotic functions of AMF in remediation of polluted soils depend on plant–fungus–soil combinations and are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. To better understand the adaptation of plants and the related mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, AMF colonization, spore density and community structure were analyzed in roots or rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia. Mycorrhization was compared between uncontaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil from a lead–zinc mining region of northwest China. Samples were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening with AMF-specific primers (NS31 and AM1), and sequencing of rRNA small subunit (SSU). The phylogenetic analysis revealed 28 AMF group types, including six AMF families: Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Pacisporaceae, and Gigasporaceae. Of all AMF group types, six (21%) were detected based on spore samples alone, four (14%) based on root samples alone, and five (18%) based on samples from root, soil and spore. Glo9 (Rhizophagus intraradices), Glo17 (Funneliformis mosseae) and Acau3 (Acaulospora sp.) were the three most abundant AMF group types in the current study. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations, pH, organic matter content, and phosphorus levels all showed significant correlations with the AMF species compositions in root and soil samples. Overall, the uncontaminated sites had higher species diversity than sites with heavy metal contamination. The study highlights the effects of different soil chemical parameters on AMF colonization, spore density and community structure in contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The tolerant AMF species isolated and identified from this study have potential for application in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas.     

Nitrogen release dynamics of a slow release urea pellet and its effect on growth,yield, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Manure urea pellets were produced and their nitrogen release rate was evaluated in soil incubation at different water contents of 90, 75, and 60% soil filed capacity (FC). In another experiment, sweet basil growth was evaluated during eight months (with three shoot harvests) under the pellet application. The nitrogen release and pellet dispersion rates were slow after two months or at lower soil water content (60% FC), but they were significant after four months of soil incubation, or at higher soil water content (75 or particularly 90% FC). Application of pelleted urea reduced plant growth and yield at first harvest than urea treatment. However, at second and particularly at third harvest (and the average of three harvests) significant improvement in growth parameters of SPAD value, leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh weight, pot yield, and` leaf N and K concentrations were achieved by application of pelleted urea fertilization.     

农户参与农业面源污染防治的调查研究

采用入户调查法评价了农户对农业面源污染的认知程度和支付意愿。调查表明,只有35.5%的农户知道农业面源污染概念,61.8%的农户化肥农药使用和畜禽养殖相关知识来源于农业推广部门,50.0%的农户在政府培训推广减肥增效新技术时可能降低化肥施用量;89.1%的农户愿意参与农业面源污染防治。建议加大对农业面源污染知识的宣传力度,加强基层农技推广体系建设,实施差别化的农业面源污染防治补贴政策。     

珠三角主要工业区周边蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染调查分析

采集珠三角地区主要工业区周边蔬菜产地土壤,研究土壤中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)5种重金属的含量与分布特征。参照国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法,对其重金属污染现状进行评价。结果表明：232份土壤样品中,Cd、Hg、As、Cr的超标率分别为45.06%、7.73%、5.15%和1.29%,未见Pb超标;37.34%的土壤受到不同程度的污染,Cd污染情况最为严重,Hg污染次之;土壤污染以单一重金属污染为主,未出现3种及以上重金属复合污染。各地污染状况呈现区域差异,东莞地区受污染的样品比例较大,珠海和广州的污染情况相对较轻。该区域的土壤重金属污染形势不容乐观,其可能给农业生产带来的风险应引起重视。