硅对水稻生长的影响及其缓解镉毒害机理研究进展

为研发高效硅肥和防治农田镉污染提供借鉴资料,本文综述了施加硅肥对水稻生长发育的影响,包括提高水稻产量和品质,增强抗倒伏、抗病虫害及干旱等逆境的能力,尤其是增强抗镉毒害等能力。并从生理学机制和土壤学机制两方面重点分析阐述了施加硅肥对缓解镉毒害作用的可能机理。生理学机制方面,硅通过参与水稻的生理代谢活动,使水稻抗氧化系统酶的活性和清除自由基的能力增强;抑制镉的吸收及其在水稻体内的运输;硅与镉在水稻体内的螯合和区隔作用. 土壤学机制方面,硅肥改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤中有效态镉的含量;硅镉吸附沉淀作用,减少水稻对镉吸收。最后针对硅肥的开发利用及技术推广提出展望。     

蓝莓枝枯病病原菌鉴定

 蓝莓 (Vaccinium spp.),是一类属于杜鹃花科 (Ericaceae) 越橘属 (Vaccinium) 的多年生小浆果类果树,广泛地应用于医药、保健、化妆品和环境保护等各方面,联合国粮农组织将其果实列为人类世界五大健康食品之一,也是我国南方酸性土丘陵地区值得发展的经济作物。全国已超过 10 个省份开始大面积的蓝莓商业化栽培,预计未来 10 年将超过 10 万 hm^{2 [1]}。但是,随着生产面积的不断扩大,蓝莓病害也日趋严重,严重影响和制约蓝莓产业的发展。2010年至今,在云南省昆明市周边及丽江市蓝莓种植区发生一种病害,主要为害嫩枝、枝条和主干,发病初期,感病枝条上产生红褐色圆或椭圆形坏死斑,随后逐渐扩大,造成枝条干枯死亡,并可扩展造成主干枯萎。调查发现,该病发病率通常在 10％～20％,重者可达 25％ 以上,可引起蓝莓整株枯萎死亡。本文通过病原菌分离、致病性测定及传统、分子鉴定,明确了该病的病原,以期为病害防治提供理论依据。     

核桃枝枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

In May 2018,a new shoot dieback disease was found in several walnut orchards in Rizhao,Shandong Province.The fungal pathogen was obtained on PDA plate from diseased walnut shoots using a tissue isolation method.The purified fungal isolates formed white to grey colonies on PDA plate and three single spore isolates SDWa1-SDWa3 were obtained.Based on morphological characteristics and analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS),calmodulin (CAL),translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and β-tubulin (TUB) sequences,the fungal isolates were identified as Diaporthe nobilis,a new pathogen on walnut.The test of Koch's rule confirmed that D.nobilis was the pathogen of walnut shoot dieback.To determine optimal growing conditions for the pathogen,its biological characteristics test was conducted.The results showed that the optimal growth temperature and pH value were at 25℃ and pH 5-9,respectively.The optimum carbon source was glucose,and favourable nitrogen source was peptone.     

楠木枝枯病病原菌鉴定

<正>楠木为我国传统名贵树种,其木质紧密、耐腐蚀性强,能够驱虫美化环境,是建筑、家具、雕刻的首选木料;同时具有净化空气、吸烟滞尘、涵养水源、固土防沙等功能,有着巨大的经济及生态价值。楠木主要包括润楠属(Machilus Nees)以及楠属(Phoebe Nees)植株,均属于濒危树种,在我国境内     

城市生态环境与城市园林绿化

从城市化给城市带来的一系列环境问题以及城市园林绿化建设的重要性出发,分析建立“城市生态绿化新优良种示范基地”的意义及综合效益.     

云引稻瘟病抗性基因型的初步分析及其近等基因系构建

利用水稻品种稻瘟病抗性基因型鉴定菌株RB01～RB22,对云引苗期叶片进行离体接种,结果表明云引除对RB17和RB20感病外,对其他菌株均表现抗病,通过分析RB01～RB22对目前生产上广泛应用的24个稻瘟病抗性基因的抗性鉴定结果表明,这些基因的反应型均与云引不同,即可能含有除上述抗病基因之外的新的稻瘟病抗原。此外,通过连续回交、分子标记辅助选择和人工注射接菌相结合的方法,构建了以普感稻瘟病品种丽江新团黑谷(LTH)为遗传背景,含有抗稻瘟病菌株"四川-43"基因的近等基因系,为该抗病基因的遗传学研究和应用构建了良好的载体。     

Organoclays for controlled release of the herbicide fenuron

Organoclays were assayed as matrices in which to associate herbicides, with the aim of decreasing product losses that could give rise to water contamination from agricultural activities. Fenuron was selected as model of a very mobile and highly water-soluble herbicide. Two different organoclays of high (A-HDT) and low (H-C18) reversible fenuron sorption were selected. Herbicide-organoclay complexes were prepared from the two organoclays and with two different fenuron contents (20 and 40 g AI kg-1) and two different mixing times, so as to form a series of weak and strong complexes. The release of fenuron from those complexes into water and water/soil suspensions gave values of T50 (time to release 50% of the fenuron content) ranging from 0.3 min to 2400 h. The total fenuron released in these closed systems ranged from 48 to 80% of the fenuron in the complex. The organoclay type (high or low sorptivity) had the greatest influence on fenuron release, followed by the strong or weak complex, suggesting that herbicide-organoclay interactions are the main factors controlling release. Soil column leaching experiments showed fenuron-organoclay complexes to be effective in reducing the peak herbicide concentration in the leachate to a half (6 microns) or a quarter (3 microns) of that obtained from the free technical compound (12 microns). Herbicide lost through leaching was reduced from 78% for the free technical fenuron to 50-30%, depending on the organoclay used as carrier and the strength of the complex. Bioassay with ryegrass showed that the weak fenuron/H-C18 complex (40 g AI kg-1) gave the same herbicidal activity as technical fenuron. The potential suitability of low-sorptive organoclays for conferring slow-release properties on the fenuron complex has been demonstrated.     

我国农药施用与生态农业构建研究

我国是农业大国,农药和化肥成为粮食增产的主要因素.过量的农药施用保住了产量,却带来环境污染、农产品安全、生态危机等问题.2014年中央一号文件提出,要建立农业可持续发展长效机制,促进生态友好型农业发展.因此,抑制化学农药、发展生物农药、构建我国生态农业体系,是我国农业经济最重要的战略目标.     

广东省火龙果腐烂病病原鉴定

通过对来自广东省湛江市的发病火龙果果实的病原进行分离、致病性测定及形态学观察,将引起广东省火龙果腐烂病的病原鉴定为仙人掌平脐蠕孢Bipolaris cactivora,该种真菌为中国大陆新记录种.该病原菌的鉴定,对控制中国大陆火龙果腐烂病的发生和扩散有重要的理论指导意义.     

猪链球菌7型的分离鉴定及药敏试验

某猪群暴发类似猪链球菌病,为确诊和防制该病,通过将病料接种到血液营养琼脂培养基和TSA培养基分离细菌,对分离菌株进行生化鉴定和PCR鉴定,并接种小白鼠进行动物试验和药敏试验。结果表明,分离的细菌为猪链球菌7型,对小白鼠具有致病性,且对恩诺沙星和头孢唑啉高度敏感。该结果对临床防制猪链球菌病具有参考意义。