Potential chemical time bombs in the schelde estuary

The Schelde estuary is heavily polluted with many different (micro)pollutants. This results in high concentrations in the abiotic and biotic compartments of the Schelde estuary and in various effects. the present day suboxic and anoxic conditions in the upper estuary are probably responsible for the high distribution coefficients for some trace metals in the lower Schelde estuary (Western Schelde). a future reduction in discharges with a high biological oxygen demand will therefore not only result in higher oxygen concentrations, but probably also in lower distribution coefficients for trace metals in the Western Schelde. Simulations show that lower trace metal distribution coefficients will probably result in higher concentrations of dissolved (bioavailable) trace metals, even with substantially reduced discharge rates, due to the desorption of trace metals from resuspended bottom sediments.     

Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on phosphatase activity in soils: An ecological dose-response model approach

Summary The aim of this study was to provide manageable data to help establish permissible limits for the pollution of soil by heavy metals. Therefore the short-and long-term effects of heavy metal pollution on phosphatase activity was studied in five different soil types. The results are presented graphically as logistic dose-response curves. It was possible to construct a curve for sand and silty loam soil but it was more difficult to establish a curve for sandy loam and clay soil and nearly impossible (except for Cu) for peat. The toxicity of the various metals can be compared on the basis of mmol values. In clay soils, for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn, the 50% effective ecological dose (ED₅₀) values were comparable (approximately 45 mmol kg^–1), but the ED₁₀ values were very different, at 7.4, 41.4, 15.1, and 0.55, respectively. At the ED₅₀ value, toxicity did not decrease with time and, in sandy soils, was approximately 2.6 mmol kg ^–1 dry soil for Cd, Cu, and Zn. In four out of five soils, the Cd toxicity was higher 1.5 years after the addition of heavy metal salts than after 6 weeks. Toxicity was least in the sandy loam, silty loam, and clay soil, and varied in general between 12 and 88 mmol kg^–1. In setting limits, the criteria selected (no-effect level, ED₁₀ or ED₅₀) determine the concentration and also the toxicity of the sequence. It is suggested that the data presented here could be very useful in helping to set permissible limits for heavy metal soil pollution.     

滇西泥石流综合防治工程调查

调查了滇西泥石流综合防治工程的现状,指出了滇西泥石流综合防治工程中存在的主要问题.在此基础上,具针对性地提出今后滇西泥石流综合防治工程应引起足够重视和有待加强的工作环节.     

Soil loss and runoff on semiarid land as amended with urban solid refuse

Organic amendment is a proved method of improving soil physical properties thus affecting runoff and soil erosion. Urban wastes are a potential source of organic matter and their use would also be a convenient way of disposing of them. A field experiment was conducted from October 1988 to September 1993 in a semiarid Mediterranean site to determine the effect of applying several rates (65, 130, 195 and 260 Mg ha⁻¹) of organic urban solid refuse (USR) on total runoff and soil loss. At the lowest rate, total runoff decreased by 67 per cent compared to the control plot. The decrease was 98 per cent when the highest rate was used. The lowest rate reduced total sediment loss by 81 per cent and the highest rate of 99 per cent. The decrease in soil erodibility at the different USR rates varied from 76 to 95 per cent depending on the year for the lowest rate and between 90 and 99 per cent for the other rates. Clear differences in the hydrologic and erosion responses were found between the eight initial rainfall events (during the first 10 months of the experiment) and the remainder of the events. The causes of such differences were due to the initial tillage of the soil by rotovation and the growth of natural vegetation in the treated plots. The mechanical effect of tillage reduced runoff and increased soil erodibility, although the effect was short‐lived. The addition of USR reduced runoff but lasted longer. An applied rate of 90–100 Mg ha⁻¹ could be considered suitable for application in semiarid zones. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京市大兴永定河沙地综合治理效益评价

建立了一套能完整反映北京市大兴永定河沙地治理中经济发展,社会进步和生态环境改善的效益评价指标体系。采用多层次模糊综合评价方法进行评价,采用层次分析法确定评价因子的权重,实现了效益评价的客观合理性。     

喀斯特石漠化生态系统服务价值对生态治理的响应——以贵州花江峡谷石漠化治理示范区为例

为揭示喀斯特石漠化生态系统服务功能价值对生态治理的响应,以贵州花江峡谷为例,将提供产品、涵养水源、保持土壤、土壤肥力、固碳释氧5项功能作为服务价值评估指标,选择生态治理两个时段(前期2000—2005年、后期2005—2010年),基于实测与调查数据,采用物质量和价值量相结合的方法对生态系统服务价值进行了估算。研究区10 a的生态系统类型变化过程中,发生转变的面积14.29 hm2,占总面积的27.7%。其中林分、灌丛、其他生态系统面积有所增加,而耕地、裸岩荒地面积大幅度减少。2000—2005年研究区生态系统类型发生转变的面积11.83 hm2,占土地总面积的22.9%,主要变化区域集中在河岸两侧实施退耕还林区域。2005—2010年研究区生态系统类型发生转变的面积仅占总面积的4.8%,与上一阶段相比转变强度明显降低,变化区域较为分散。研究区生态治理后系统服务价值显著增加,2000—2010年共增加9.61×107元,其中前期增额占18.2%,后期占81.8%。前期年均增长3.49×106元,后期年均增长1.57×107元,后期生态服务价值增长更为显著。其中固定CO2、释放O2价值,产品供给价值和土壤肥力都是服务价值主要组成部分。功能价值的增加一方面源于服务价值低的生态系统向服务价值高的演变(10年间研究区耕地和裸岩荒地向经济生态系统转出868.60 hm2),另一方面归功于生态系统内部服务价值的增加,其贡献率大于80%,是驱动服务价值变化的主导因素。生态治理后生态系统类型间发生明显的空间转变,转变强度、场所与所实施生态治理工程的数量、区域密切相关。治理后生态系统类型间发生转变时间响应较快(前期转变面积占总转变面积的83.0%),但主要服务功能恢复期后才大幅度增加(后期增加功能价值占总增额的81.8%),相比较服务价值变化响应有一定滞后性。     

适宜节水灌溉模式抑制寒地稻田N_2O排放增加水稻产量

2014年在大田试验条件下,设置控制灌溉、间歇灌溉、浅湿灌溉及淹灌4种水分管理模式,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法田间观测寒地水稻生长季N2O排放特征,研究不同灌溉模式对寒地稻田N2O排放的影响及N2O排放对土壤环境要素的响应,同时测定水稻产量,以期为寒地稻田N2O排放特征研究提供对策。结果表明:不同灌溉模式下N2O排放的高峰均出现在水分交替频繁阶段,水稻生育阶段前期,各处理N2O排放都处于较低水平,泡田期几乎无N2O排放。与淹灌相比,间歇灌溉使N2O排放总量增加47.3%,控制灌溉和浅湿灌溉使N2O排放总量减少40.7%和39.6%。寒地稻田N2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量关系密切,与土壤10 cm温度显著相关(P0.05)。水稻生长期间各处理N2O排放顺序间歇灌溉淹灌,二者均显著高于浅湿灌溉和控制灌溉(P0.05)。各处理水稻产量以浅湿灌溉最低、其他方式差异不显著。可见,间歇灌溉有助于提高水稻产量,但会促进稻田N2O的排放。在综合考虑水稻产量及稻田温室效应的需求下,控制灌溉为最佳灌溉方式,应予以高度重视。该研究可为黑龙江寒地稻作区选择节水减排模式提供科学支撑。     

污泥及其混合堆肥对番茄土壤性质和N_2O排放的影响

目前关于污泥及其生物质堆肥的土地利用过程中土壤性质变化和温室气体排放数据十分缺乏,难以满足农田土壤氮素保存和温室气体减排的需求。该研究通过在番茄种植过程中添加800 kg/hm2新鲜污泥(S-H)、400 kg/hm2新鲜污泥(S-L)、800 kg/hm2秸秆堆肥(VM-S)和800 kg/hm2猪粪堆肥(VM-M),开展土壤性质、无机氮形态、作物生长以及N2O排放特征的研究。结果表明:堆肥处理显著增加了土壤电导率(electric conductivity,EC)(P0.05),其中猪粪堆肥时土壤EC值最大。添加污泥和堆肥都使土壤p H值显著上升(P0.05),最终趋于中性,且VM-M对土壤酸化的抑制效果略优于VM-S。污泥和堆肥处理时土壤NO3--N浓度显著高于对照,且各处理组NO3--N浓度均随时间逐渐下降,NO3--N主要被番茄吸收,部分NO3--N从土壤上层淋溶至下层;NH4+大多数被氧化为NO3-,部分NH4+被植物吸收。在施入的无机氮量相等情况下,VM-M、VM-S、S-H处理组中番茄地上部分生物量分别为1 515、1 383、1 103 g/株,株高分别为56.8、54.5、51.3 cm,对番茄生长的促进效果为VM-MVM-SS-H,而S-H比S-L多施入的氮肥对番茄生长并未起到明显促进作用(P0.05)。与对照相比,污泥或生物质堆肥都显著提高了土壤N2O的排放(P0.05),各处理组N2O的排放均集中于施肥后的前20天,且土壤N2O的排放通量大小顺序为S-L(0.76 kg/(hm2·a))VM-M(0.95 kg/(hm2·a))VM-S(1.19 kg/(hm2·a))S-H(1.71 kg/(hm2·a))。因此,在进行污泥及其生物质堆肥的土地利用时,应考虑有机肥的种类及其施用量,以在提高作物产量的同时改善土壤并减少温室气体排放,在进行污泥的农田利用时可先将污泥与畜禽粪堆肥。     

滇西陇川县耕地土壤环境质量分析评价

为揭示滇西地区土壤环境质量状况,以陇川县为例,参照《绿色食品产地环境技术条件》,对耕地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾营养元素含量及重金属元素铅、镉、汞、砷、铬、铜总量进行测定分析。采用标准对比法、单因子污染指数法和Nemero综合污染指数法,对其土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,研究区土壤pH值介于3.49~7.45之间,均值为5.05,土壤偏酸;各营养元素平均值中有机质、全氮、速效磷含量为优良,速效钾含量为中等,有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别有64.17%、59.34%、75.33%、71.66%的耕地面积达到生产绿色食品土壤肥力要求,分别有35.83%、40.66%、24.67%、28.34%的面积土壤肥力不足;采用单因子污染指数法对土壤重金属评价,砷、铬、铜处于清洁状态;有20.27%、2.03%、4.73%的样本铅、镉、汞单因子污染指数大于1,所代表的面积受到铅、镉、汞轻度污染,镉有1.35%样本单因子污染指数大于2,所代表的面积受到镉中度污染;综合污染指数评价,4.79%样本达到轻度污染。     

农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——水环境生态修复技术

当前,我国农村水体普遍污染严重,作为农村面源污染治理技术体系中的最后一环,农村水环境生态修复技术的实施具有十分重要的现实意义。本文在自己已有工作的基础上,总结和梳理了国内外适合我国农村的水环境生态修复技术,并分别按技术原理进行了阐述。研究表明,其中的生态浮床技术具有投资少、见效快、管理方便等优点,是一种行之有效的水体原位生态修复技术,尤其是采用水稻等能产生经济效益的植物作为浮床植物,不仅可以改善水质,其收益也能补偿部分投资成本;水生植物恢复技术是提高水体自净能力、恢复水生态系统结构和功能的必然选择,按照目标要求进行水生植物恢复,可以有效降低水体污染物浓度,促进水生态系统良性发展;以土壤生物工程为主的生态护坡技术适合我国农村河道的边坡修复,河岸植被群落能够得到良好恢复,坡岸土壤侵蚀和农业面源污染均能得到有效控制。生态修复技术的应用需与生态拦截技术和养分利用技术相协调,要以不同功能和目标需求为导向,注重采用组合技术工艺进行修复,以提高水环境生态修复的效果。