基于协整理论和VAR模型的河南省环境污染驱动因素研究

[目的]分析河南省环境污染的驱动力机制,为经济发展与环境规划提供理论支撑。[方法]尝试从动态的视角来解读河南省环境污染问题,借助协整分析、误差修正模型、脉冲响应函数和方差分解对河南省环境污染的驱动因素进行分析。[结果]人均GPD,第二产业比重,总人口,外商投资强度以及政府管制水平与环境污染指数存在长期协整关系,且系统存在误差修正机制;脉冲响应函数结果显示,人均GDP,第二产业比重,总人口长期会加剧环境污染,外商投资强度对环境具有微弱地积极影响,政府管制水平对环境影响不明显;方差分解结果显示,总人口是环境污染的主要原因,其次是第二产业比重和人均GDP。[结论]调整人口布局和优化产业结构是河南省未来控制环境污染的发展方向。     

小麦种子发芽率近红外定量分析模型的优化

The backward interval partial least squares (BiPLS) and the synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS) were applied to select the characteristic spectral regions representing the germination rate of 84 wheat seeds and build the near infrared (NIR) quantitative analysis model of wheat seed germination rate.Results from comparison showed that the models built by two variable selection methods had better predictive ability than full-spectral partial least squares(PLS) model.The optimal model was obtained by SiPLS with the calibration and prediction correlation coefficient(R) at 0.902 and 0.967 respectively, and ratio of performance to standard deviate (RPD) at 3.75.Based on this, the physical chemistry significance of characteristic spectral regions was analyzed.The characteristic spectral of wheat seed germination rate contained characteristic peaks of water, protein, starch, fiber, which were the internal nutrients of the seed that influence the germination ability, thus explaining the mechanism of measuring wheat seed germination rate using NIR to a certain extent.     

塘渠-湿地复合系统治理农业面源污染研究

The effects of agricultural non-point source pollution control by pond-wetland combined system in Shenxi river basin of Anji county were studied based on nearly one-years experiment. The removal rate of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the pond-wetland combined system was also studied with different inlet wastewater concentration and time. The results showed that the removal effect of TN, TP, and COD in pond-wetland combined system was fairly good. The removal rate of TN, TP, and COD in the system could respectively reach 96%, 98%, 82% when the TN, TP, and COD of inlet wastewater reach the highest point 33.3, 0.99, and 121.6 mg·L^-1. Generally, the removal effect of the system was better in plant growth season and higher concentration of inlet wastewater period.     

福建万木林省级自然保护区苦槠群落特征研究

对福建万木林省级自然保护区苦槠天然林的群落结构、物种组成、多样性及演替趋势等进行调查分析,结果表明:该群落的物种多样性较丰富,共有维管束植物36科58属79种,群落中木本植物占绝对优势;群落层次分明,有乔木、灌木和草本3个层次;乔木层中苦槠的重要值最大,但在灌木层中未见苦槠分布,表明苦槠林正处于缓慢演替之中。     

Critical body residues (CBRs) for ecotoxicological soil quality assessment: copper in earthworms

The term ‘critical body residue’ (CBR) was defined as the lowest observed total body concentration of a contaminant in an organism, which is associated with the occurrence of adverse toxic effects in either individuals or populations of a defined age or stage of development. In this study, internal toxicity thresholds were determined for copper in the clitellated adult stage of earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa). The objective was to assess the applicability of CBRs as a practical tool in soil quality assessment of contaminated sites and as a means of a sustainable protection of earthworm fauna. Laboratory studies showed that body concentrations of Cu were generally in agreement with the chemically available CaCl₂-extractable fraction in soil, but that there was also some evidence of internal pH-related homeostatic regulation. Toxicological correlates of body Cu concentrations with adverse effects on cocoon production (fecundity) suggested an approximate sublethal internal threshold of about 40 mg kg⁻¹, with mortality occurring at about 60 mg kg⁻¹. Adult L. rubellus sampled from areas with a wide range of metal pollution showed body Cu concentrations with a minimum of 8 mg kg⁻¹ and a maximum of 60 mg kg⁻¹. Beyond this apparent physiological tolerance range, environmental management directed at optimal earthworm population survival may not be sustainable in contaminated fields. Studies of L. rubellus colonizing a metal-contaminated experimental sludge-treated field showed that a reduced rate of colonization can already be associated with an average body Cu concentration of 25 mg kg⁻¹. However, in this particular field situation mixture effects of other metals that were also present in the soil and the occurrence of avoidance behaviour during colonization may have contributed to this low internal toxicity threshold. It is concluded that the CBR approach seems to be a feasible option for use as a tool in a bioavailability-based soil quality assessment, even for essential trace metals like copper, but that further insight may be needed to establish the uncertainty and reliability of the application in environmental quality assessment and decision making.     

木本泥炭添加比例对猪粪堆肥腐熟度和污染及温室气体排放的影响

针对当前猪粪好氧堆肥过程中存在的腐熟度低、氮素损失严重、污染气体排放量大等问题,该研究以木本泥炭作为添加剂与猪粪进行联合堆肥,研究了不同木本泥炭添加量(添加比例依次为占物料湿基质量的5%、10%、15%和20%的4个处理)对猪粪好氧堆肥产品腐熟度和堆肥过程中CH4、NH3和H2S等污染气体排放变化的影响。结果表明:在猪粪堆肥中添加木本泥炭作为调理材料,堆体可成功启动升温,在第2~4天堆体可进入高温期,并持续7 d以上,达到无害化卫生标准;经28 d好氧堆肥以后,堆肥产品p H值为8.0左右,电导率值为1.47~1.82 m S/cm,发芽指数均大于80%,达到腐熟标准;木本泥炭添加量增加至15%以上时,有机质分解程度高,物料干质量降解率达22%左右,28 d堆体含水率下降35%左右,CH4、NH3和H2S排放量分别减少82.12%~89.48%、53.47%~63.31%、50.98%~62.76%,总温室气体排放当量减少70.34%~83.26%,堆体总氮损失减少率达44%~63%,保氮效果显著。因此,建议木本泥炭用作猪粪堆肥添加剂的最优添加量为15%~20%(以物料总湿重计)。     

生态景观型灌排系统面源污染防治试验及生态响应

设计由灌排合一生态环沟、生态景观型斗渠和斗沟组成的新型土地整治灌排系统,以上海市临港土地整治项目区为试验场地进行不同灌排系统面源污染防治效果对比试验,最后引入生态服务价值模型分析其产生的生态响应。结果表明:1)生态景观型灌排系统涵盖稻田-萍-鱼-蔬菜种植版互利共生系统和生态环沟-迂回式生化塘-斗沟湿地面源污染防治系统,实现了稻田养鱼和农业现代化经营共赢;同时在土地整治灌排系统稻田排水口处设置迂回式生化塘,为农业面源污染防治提供了一种新思路;2)生态景观型灌排系统通过植物吸收和截留、基质和底泥吸附及细菌和微生物降解等作用,在水稻生长周期6-10月面源污染防治效果均明显高于其他灌排系统,COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为77.57%、78.99%、69.77%、73.74%;3)生态景观型灌排系统带来的(正,负)生态响应中,正响应为4.95万元,是负响应的45倍,气候调节、水源涵养、废物处理、生物多样性保护、土壤保持和提供美学景观等功能均显著增强。     

微生物在污染环境生物修复中的应用

生物修复是一项利用生物特别是微生物治理污染的技术。与理化修复方法相比具有投资少、对环境影响小的优点。本文重点分析了影响微生物修复的关键因素,包括生物因素、营养因素、O2和电子受体、表面活性剂和共代谢物等,并介绍了微生物在生物修复中成功应用的实例,讨论了生物修复所具有的优势和存在的不足及今后研究重点。     

镍污染对小麦幼苗矿质营养元素吸收与累积的影响研究

试验研究Ni胁迫对小麦幼苗茎叶中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Ca和Mg营养元素吸收及累积的影响结果表明 ,Ni胁迫下随土壤施Ni量的增加而小麦幼苗生长受抑 ,生物产量下降 ,小麦幼苗Cu、Fe、Ca和Mg累积量呈下降趋势 ,而Zn、Mn累积量呈增加趋势。小麦幼苗 6种营养元素累积率与其累积量的规律较吻合 ,表明作物受Ni毒害与营养元素代谢平衡失调有关     

Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on phosphatase activity in soils: An ecological dose-response model approach

Summary The aim of this study was to provide manageable data to help establish permissible limits for the pollution of soil by heavy metals. Therefore the short-and long-term effects of heavy metal pollution on phosphatase activity was studied in five different soil types. The results are presented graphically as logistic dose-response curves. It was possible to construct a curve for sand and silty loam soil but it was more difficult to establish a curve for sandy loam and clay soil and nearly impossible (except for Cu) for peat. The toxicity of the various metals can be compared on the basis of mmol values. In clay soils, for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn, the 50% effective ecological dose (ED₅₀) values were comparable (approximately 45 mmol kg^–1), but the ED₁₀ values were very different, at 7.4, 41.4, 15.1, and 0.55, respectively. At the ED₅₀ value, toxicity did not decrease with time and, in sandy soils, was approximately 2.6 mmol kg ^–1 dry soil for Cd, Cu, and Zn. In four out of five soils, the Cd toxicity was higher 1.5 years after the addition of heavy metal salts than after 6 weeks. Toxicity was least in the sandy loam, silty loam, and clay soil, and varied in general between 12 and 88 mmol kg^–1. In setting limits, the criteria selected (no-effect level, ED₁₀ or ED₅₀) determine the concentration and also the toxicity of the sequence. It is suggested that the data presented here could be very useful in helping to set permissible limits for heavy metal soil pollution.