现代农业开发建设项目环境影响评价简析

农业开发建设项目具有很强的环境依赖性。现代农业的发展带动了农村经济的发展和农民收入的增加,也改变了原有土地利用方式和生态环境。农业建设项目对环境的影响是一个长期累积的过程,因此环境影响评价对污染的预防和控制尤为重要。文章主要分析了现代农业建设项目的环境问题、开展环境影响评价的主要内容以及保护对策和措施,以期为相关项目的环评工作提供参考和借鉴。     

基于GIS的绿色农产品基地适宜性评价

建立和完善绿色农产品基地适宜性评价方法,提高评价结果的实用性和准确性,是实现农产品安全的根本保障。研究依据基地认证者、规划者、生产者3种评价主体实际需求,分别引入污染潜在风险指标和经济状况指标,建立面向不同评价主体需求的多种主导因子评价指标体系,并借助GIS的空间分析方法进行定量评价,最后以北京大兴区为例进行了案例分析研究。结果表明,基地与工矿企业距离、与居民地距离等潜在污染风险对基地适宜性限制大,且不同评价主体下建立不同指标体系使评价更具针对性,利用GIS功能可提高效率,评价结果可视化程度好,具有很强的     

基于ArcEngine的水污染突发事件水力应急调度管理信息系统的研究与实现

针对江河流域水污染突发状况,采用GIS工具与数据库相结合的方式,模拟水污染突发状况的范围,为应急预案提供直观、科学的理论依据。系统将空间数据、属性数据与集成项目管理结合起来,使水环境监测、污染源检索、排污口定位等功能可视化、系统化、标准化,提高了模块的实用性。     

北京市南水北调受水区垃圾场地下水污染预测

根据南水北调供水方案,南水北调进京10年后,受水区内垃圾场将会被地下水浸泡,如不采取防治措施,会对含水层水质造成严重污染。以北京西郊为研究区,利用Visual Modflow软件中的MODFLOW模块和MT3DMS模块分别建立了地下水水流模型和溶质运移模型,对研究区内污染物运移规律进行预测。预测结果表明,10a后氯离子(Cl-)、硝酸盐氮(NO2-3)和总硬度(THD)3种离子的最高浓度和被污染的面积均增大,预测结果可作为调整地下水开采与调蓄方案和垃圾场防渗规划设计的依据。     

基于DRASTIC的集对分析在地下水脆弱性评价中的应用

在传统的DRASTIC指标评价法的基础上,联合集对分析对地下水脆弱性进行评价。将7个不同评价指标分成5级,利用集对分析建立评价指标与评价等级之间的联系度U,从而确定地下水脆弱性的等级。将DRASTIC指标评价法与集对分析法联合应用的好处是:一定程度避免了原有评价方法中人为因素的干扰。新的评价体系具有计算简便,评价合理,结果较为客观等优越性。     

Practice to avoid contamination of drainflow and runoff from slurry spreading in spring

Abstract. Use of either three or six occasions to spread similar total amounts of slurry was investigated over the late winter/early spring period in two years, on plots with underdrainage. Slurry was spread on four 7 m by 25 m plots which were instrumented to allow collection of drainflow and runoff. The 'mobile water' pore space allowed transport of a small proportion of applied slurry through the 0.75 m soil profile. Evidence of a polluted 'mobile water' pulse occurred after periods of up to 48 hours following spreading, suggesting subsurface rather than overland flow. Timing of the pulse depended on whether subsequent rainfall accelerated the flow The contaminated flow persisted for 6–12 hours. The worst contamination of 39 mg/l NH₄⁺ -N occurred under 'bypass flow' conditions, when 52 mm of rain fell during the 48 hours after a 5.2 mm application. Two contributory factors appeared important. The first was the long duration of the high intensity storm and the second was an extended period of severe frost believed to have created fissures associated with frost heave. Making several applications of slurry in amounts less than 35 m³/ha is preferable to fewer larger applications during spring, for cereals on medium to heavy soils. This recognises the likelihood of there being underdrainage on arable land and the optimal use of well-drained, partially frozen ground to avoid compaction by slurry tankers.     

砖厂排放的氟对周围果树的污染及防治对策

为了探讨砖厂氟污染对周围果树的影响 ,摸索可行的治理办法 ,我们对一个砖厂及周围果树开展了调查监测。结果表明 ,水果受氟污染的程度与果树距砖厂的距离及果树的种类有关。     

城市植被净化大气价值计量与评价——以西安市为例

对西安市植被净化大气物质量及价值测定结果表明 ,植被净化大气年总价值为 34 2 6 35 6亿元 ,占 1999年西安市国内生产总值的 6 % ,其中年固定CO2 和释放O2 的价值为 2 7 1830 9亿元 ,年吸收SO2 、HF和NOX3种污染物的价值为 1 82 896亿元 ,年滞尘价值为 1 82 5 11亿元 ,年灭菌价值为 3 4 2 6 4 0亿元。并通过MapInfo的叠加分析得出各行政区统计结果。     

氮、磷的农业非点源污染防治方法

非点源污染最主要的影响就是使水体富营养化、水质变差,从而影响到生产、生活、社会与经济的发展,其中氮、磷的农业非点源污染又是最主要的。经过30多年的研究,非点源污染研究逐渐从初期的定性化研究转向定量化,由统计、调查与机理研究转向实用治理研究。就众多的防治方法来看,大体可以分为两大类,即“源”(Source)防治和“汇”(Sink)防治。     

Sustainable agriculture evaluation model for red soil hill region of southeast China

Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale.