中国茶产业组织:绩效与政策

本文对中国茶产业的组织现状、绩效及政策进行了研究。当前中国茶产业组织结构的主要特征是茶园的小规模"分包"式经营、非垄断性的市场竞争结构、初精制的专业化分工和大宗茶出口的来样加工贸易等。比较世界其他主要茶叶生产国的市场运行组织模式,可以发现,斯里兰卡的纵向交易"分成"契约制、日本的农户合作组织以及红茶出口普遍采用的拍卖交易等制度,对我们有一定的启示意义。本文认为,相关产业政策的重点应是:通过多元化的组织制度安排,有效地解决农户的"入市"瓶颈;通过技术变革,引导初精制加工的整合;探索出口交易制度的创新。     

Analysis of the role of forest,biomass policy legislation and other factors that may affect the future of Kenya’s forests: Use of Japanese forestry as a model

Forests are one of the most important ecosystems on earth that require careful management, conservation, and sustainable exploitation. As countries have their own guideline systems, each may learn and borrow from one another’s experience. One of such countries is Japan, which has elaborate forest policies, and rich in forest cover (67%) with its forest history dating many years back. On the other hand, Kenya, with a forest cover of just 7% and its policies demonstrating notable weaknesses, has a lot to learn from Japan. Therefore, we have attempted to do a comparative analysis of forest policies, technologies, and management practices between Kenya and Japan. Results indicate that Kenya’s forest policies do not place adequate emphasis on silvicultural practices and the establishment of forest plantations, and rarely focus on sustainable biomass utilization—factors that contributed significantly to forest growth and development in Japan. Additionally, policy legislation, revision, and implementation have not been given the deserved priority in Kenya. We conclude that Kenyan forest policy would benefit from both revision and thorough implementation. We also discuss the role of indirect factors such as economic growth and availability of nonwood-based energy sources in the future of Kenya’s forests.     

The influence of regulatory forest policy tools on biodiversity measures for forests in Ukraine

The transition from a state-oriented forest economy to a market-oriented one requires a critical analysis of the set of tools designed to implement state forest policies. One of the important goals of Ukrainian forest policy is conservation of the biodiversity of forest ecosystems. This paper analyzes the influence of two of the regulatory forest policy instruments (zoning and prohibition of final harvesting) on the diversity of woody vegetation using Tobit regression. Data on the forest resources of the Sumy administrative province in Ukraine are used for the analysis. Additionally, we look at how diversity of woody vegetation is affected by the form of forest tenure.     

Causes of Sandstorm Disaster and Strategies against Desertification——A Case Study of Hexi Corridor in Northwest China

This case study outlines the problems faced by the peoples of the Hexi Corridor. These problems are serious and urgent, and are representative of those faced by other communities right across western China. The root causes are outlined and some remedies are suggested. The practical measures proposed under China's National Action Plan to Combat Desertification are described and discussed.     

Projecting the bird community response resulting from the adoption of shelterbelt agroforestry practices in Eastern Nebraska

Evolving agricultural policies have influenced management practices within agroecosystems, impacting available habitats for many species of wildlife. Enhancing wildlife habitat has become an explicit objective of existing agricultural policy. Thus, there is renewed focus on field borders and the use of shelterbelt agroforestry systems to achieve conservation goals in the Midwest. Two Representative Farms – a 283-ha dryland and 510-ha irrigated farm were created in Saunders County, Nebraska. The Habitat Analysis and Modeling System (HAMS) was used to describe the composition and spatial pattern of the existing farms and surrounding landscape, as well as for the landscapes surrounding selected Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes. Simulated land use changes resulting from the implementation of two shelterbelt scenarios, Agricultural and Wildlife, were incorporated on each Representative Farm and surrounding landscape. Landscape variables which influence breeding bird species richness and community composition as determined from BBS routes were measured on simulated farm landscapes. A more heterogeneous landscape results from implementing either scenario. The percent total woods was a significant determinant of bird species richness on the BBS routes and was important in influencing bird communities at the farm- and landscape-level. Other landscape metrics which influenced the bird community composition on BBS routes were woody edge percentages and edge density values. Policies promoting shelterbelts create edge habitats which ultimately favor birds within the Forest-edge/generalist guild while bird species in need of conservation such as grassland-field species would potentially be negatively affected. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Adaptation to Change and Re-designing of Governance Systems: Cases from Small-Scale Rural Forestry

Changes in small-scale forest governance as a reaction to global changes are viewed from the system dynamics perspective, focused on two levels of dynamic systems: the policy system with sets of interactions at the national level and the management system at the local level. These interactions are considered through permanent adaptation and re-shaping of stakeholders’ networks and positions provoking further changes in the systems. Empirical evidence has been obtained from two case studies related to small-scale rural forestry in distinct contexts—France (the Territorial Forestry Charters) and Kyrgyzstan (collaborative forest management and leasing of forest plots)—and viewed through a theoretical framework of social-political systems dynamics. The changes caused by the systems’ capacity for adaptability and resilience are expressed through a double spiral of decision-making, characterising the interactions between national policies and local management practices. The analysis leads to a conclusion that changes are basically determined by the formal and informal stakeholders’ strategies developed in a specific context and their mutual adaptation aimed at system resilience.

中美森林游憩政策比较

简要介绍了中美两国森林游憩发展历史,从管理体制、经营权与管理权、法制建设、规划设计、基金来源与利用、非营利组织的参与性、人事管理、森林游憩资源的保护、环境教育的开展等方面比较了中美森林游憩政策,总结了发展过程中的教训,针对我国森林游憩现状,提出了改革与发展对策。     

山旱区全膜覆盖种植马铃薯施肥现状分析及建议

利用全膜覆盖垄作技术在高原山旱地种植马铃薯,取得了显著的蓄水、保墒、增温以及增产效果,是山旱区农业增效和农民增收的一项重要措施。本文结合全膜覆盖种植马铃薯在施肥技术方面存在的问题,结合生产实际提出了以调控氮肥为主和使用缓释氮肥配合磷、钾肥播前一次性施入,达到补充后期氮素的需要,以获得高产高效的目标。     

粮豆轮作补贴政策效果及影响因素分析——以黑龙江省海伦市和嫩江县为例

随着耕地轮作休耕制度试点的推进,轮作补贴是否真正起到作用,及其制度试点效果如何等问题成为政策制定者及社会各界高度关注的热点。本文以黑龙江省为例,基于轮作试点区农户调研微观数据,运用Heckman两阶段模型和Tobit模型,分析轮作补贴对轮作试点区农户轮作行为和农户经营效率的影响,探讨轮作政策下农业经营效率的影响因素。结果表明,78.63%的农户认为有必要进行轮作,63.63%的农户认为轮作能够改善耕地质量;轮作补贴对于农户轮作行为有显著的正向影响,轮作补贴每增加1个单位,农户进行轮作概率增加0.3%;轮作补贴对经营效率改进并不明显,经营效率更多的还是受劳动力成本、农业经营利润、农业直接投入和农业保险费的影响。因此,为进一步推进轮作试点的实施,完善耕地生态补偿机制,提出3点建议:1)补贴标准可以通过拓宽轮作补贴来源方式加以提高;2)补贴侧重点仍应聚焦于新型农业经营主体;3)轮作补贴的模式要与提高科技水平相结合。     

甜高粱生产生物燃料关键因素分析

针对以甜高粱为原料生产生物燃料中存在的原料不足、产品成本高等问题,根据近10年甜高粱育种与栽培研究成果以及与企业的合作经验,对影响上述问题的主要因素如品种、种植区域、技术、政策等进行分析。结果表明：甜高粱虽有较好的品种,但不能满足所有地区以甜高粱秆为原料生产燃料产业持续发展的需要,这是造成原料基地不足的首要原因。我国的边际土地面积巨大、类型众多,不都完全适合种植甜高粱来生产燃料乙醇,选择种植区域不当是甜高粱种植不足的第2个原因。在甜高粱高产种植、加工技术方面,重视了高产栽培、发酵技术等核心技术的研究,忽略了配套技术研究,这是造成生产成本高的主要原因。国家虽然制定了相关产业政策,但不足以引导生物质能产业健康持续发展。在今后发展以甜高粱为原料生产生物燃料过程中,首先需注意甜高粱品种的多元化,要特别注意选育早熟、高产、高含糖量品种、杂交种;其次根据区域气候特点,选择适宜地区不仅适合种植甜高粱,更要适合甜高粱的储藏和加工;同时研究甜高粱机械化收储运、甜高粱秆连续发酵、糟渣利用等配套技术研究,构建完整的产业链;制定中小规模生物质能产业持续发展的政策法规和生物能源研发的国家持续投入机制,保障生物质能产业稳步发展。