Soil and weed management for enhancing arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of wheat

Tillage and weed control are critical components of cropping systems that need to be combined such that crops benefit from reduced competition. However, weeds may also contribute to the biological diversity within the agro‐environment. This greenhouse study investigated whether common weeds of arable cropping systems were suitable host plants for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), allowing the development of extraradical mycelium (ERM) that can contribute to the early colonization of a following wheat crop, especially in the absence of soil disturbance. Weeds were allowed to grow for up to 2 months before being controlled by soil disturbance or herbicide application (glyphosate or paraquat). Pregerminated wheat seeds were then planted. Chemical control of the weeds prior to sowing enhanced the early arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization rate of wheat roots, whereas mechanical disturbance was less acceptable as a method of weed control for rapid AM colonization. The type of herbicide (contact or systemic) had no impact on colonization of the wheat crop. Enhanced AM colonization promoted early P acquisition and growth of the crop. Appropriate management of weeds emerging between two consecutive cropping seasons coupled with no‐till soil management could ensure a quick and efficient AM colonization of the following wheat plants.     

冷季型草坪杂草综合防治技术与策略

冷季型草坪发展速度很快 ,但养护管理技术滞后 ,杂草危害严重。在调查掌握杂草的种类、数量及发生规律的情况下 ,应采取以下防治策略 :(1)严格杂草检疫制度 ,清洁播种材料 ;(2 )合理耕作 ,深埋杂草种子或幼苗 ,清洁坪床 ;(3)科学栽培管理 ,诱杀或抑制杂草 ,具体技术包括草种选择、播期、播量、施肥、浇水、修剪等 :(4)化学防除 ,具体包括播前诱杀除草 ,播后苗前和播后苗期除草     

田间杂草发生规律及其对冬亚麻生长的影响

结果表明，杂草生长明显抑制亚麻生长，提高麻株减退率，影响亚麻有效株形成，影响优质原茎的提高，降低产量和质量，杂草影响亚麻生长的时期是苗期、枞形期和快速生长初期。     

Genetics of Resistance in Vicia sativa L. to Orobanche crenata Forsk.

The genetics of resistance of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) to broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) was studied for two years by using the P₁, P₂, F₁, BC¹, BC₂, F₂ F₃, and F₄ generations obtained from crosses between resistant and susceptible lines. Resistant lines were selected by screening a world collection m a naturally infested plot. Resistance was tested both under field and greenhouse conditions. The best index to measure resistance was the number of emerged broomrapes per host plant. The results fit the additive-dominance model. The main component of the variation was additivity; dominance and interaction effects seemed to depend on the environment. When dominance is expressed, a low number is dominant over a high number of broomrapes per host plant.     

大型有毒真菌的资源及其抗虫活性的研究进展

大型有毒真菌是指子实体被食用后对人类或动物产生中毒反应的大型真菌。许多大型有毒真菌具有抗虫活性．在未来新型生物源农药的研制与开发中具有巨大的潜力。文章对具有抗虫活性的大型有毒真菌资源及其抗虫活性的研究现状进行综述，并提出了目前研究中存在的问题和需要重点突破的关键技术。     

Re-test of Rhinocyllus conicus host specificity, and the prediction of ecological risk in biological control

Biological control is proposed as an ecological strategy to manage the threat of invasive plants, especially in natural areas. To pursue this strategy, we need to know that the host specificity criteria used to evaluate ecological risk with deliberate introduction of an exotic insect for biocontrol are sufficient to predict potential impact on native species. Host specificity is defined by adult feeding and oviposition preferences and larval development. One way to evaluate the criteria is to re-examine case histories where ecological effects are recorded, such as that of Rhinocyllus conicus Frölich. This flower head weevil, released in North America in 1968 to control exotic thistles like Musk thistle (Carduus nutans L), is now reducing seed production by multiple native North American thistle species (Cirsium spp.), and local population density of Platte thistle (Cirsium canescens Nutt.). We hypothesized that host specificity of R. conicus has changed since pre-release testing, providing an explanation for the unexpected magnitude of the documented ecological effects. Instead, when we re-tested host specificity of weevils naturalized over 28 generations, we found that host specificity has not changed. Naturalized adults of R. conicus showed strong feeding and oviposition preference for Musk thistle over Platte thistle. In addition, larval development by these weevils was faster and more successful (to larger size) on Musk thistle than on Platte thistle. Thus, our results indicate that a change in host specificity cannot explain the unexpectedly large build-up of R. conicus and significant ecological effect on Platte thistle. We conclude that accurate prediction of the potential level of impact on native host plants in the field requires further ecological information in addition to host specificity.     

Segetal and ruderal relatives of cultivated plants and the problems of their conservation and use: a Russian perspective

The paper presents a survey of the situation existing now in nature with wild relatives of crop species from the group of segetal and ruderal plants, found within the territories of Russia and of other CIS countries. The majority of non-specialized annual and perennial weeds have been shown still to occur in the territory of the former USSR. For the past 50 years they have not seriously vanished from agriculture. Some of them even have a tendency to expand their areas and to become more abundant. Hence they need not be conserved in gene banks. It is only for a relatively small group of species of specialized contaminants that care should be taken to preserve them and to store their seeds in gene banks.     

Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania

Exotic plant invasions threaten ecological communities world-wide. Some species are limited by a lack of suitable pollinators, but the introduction of exotic pollinators can facilitate rapid spread. In Tasmania, where many non-native plants are naturalised, exotic honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have become established. We determined how these species affect the pollination of Lupinus arboreus, an invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, which is rarely visited by native pollinators. The proportion of flowers setting seed and the number of ovules fertilised per flower were positively related to the visitation rates of both exotic bee species. There was no effect of bee visitation rates on the proportion of seeds aborted prior to maturity, possibly due to post-fertilisation environmental constraints. We conclude that the spread of B. terrestris may not alter the fecundity of L. arboreus because of the pollination service provided by A. mellifera, and discuss potential interactions between these two bee species.     

旱直播稻田杂草群落演替规律及化学除草的研究

北方地区的旱直播稻田杂草群落属于水旱共生型复合群落，具有2个杂草发生高峰期，第1次高峰期为旱生型杂草，第2次高峰期以水生及湿生型杂草为主导群落．用百草枯除苗前大草，秧苗3叶期用“快杀稗＋苯达松”茎叶处理，杂草综合防效可达95％以上．