Factors affecting the development of disease symptoms in potatoes infected by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tobacco rattle virus</Emphasis>

Infection of potato plants with Tobacco rattle virus by its nematode vector can have different outcomes, including the development of spraing symptoms in progeny tubers. A novel syndrome described here comprises a generalized mottle in leaves on all stems, together with virtually total failure to produce daughter tubers. The outcome of infection depends partly on the potato genotype, but field trials with 15 varieties showed that the incidence and severity of spraing symptoms at three sites differed. There was no evidence that this was due to differences in virulence among the virus isolates at the sites, but it was probably the result of environmental differences that influenced the numbers and activity of the vector nematodes. At the most severely affected site, spraing symptoms were found in all varieties tested, except Record, including several that were not affected at the other two sites. Taking both severity and incidence of symptoms into account, the ranking of varieties was similar at each site. The incidence of spraing symptoms was greater in larger than in smaller tubers, and increased with later harvest dates, but did not increase when early harvested tubers were stored. Tobacco rattle viruswas detected in the roots of many of the weeds growing at one of the sites and in the roots of a few plants of the subsequent barley crop.     

Molecular Identification of a New Member of the Clover Proliferation Phytoplasma Group (16SrVI) Associated with Centaurea Solstitialis Virescence in Italy

In the United States, yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) is an annual invasive weed with Mediterranean origins. Malformed plants displaying witches' broom, fasciations, abortion of buds and flower virescence symptoms were observed in central Italy. Attempts to transmit the causal agent from the natural yellow starthistle host to periwinkle by grafting, resulted in typical symptoms of a phytoplasma, i.e. yellowing and shortening of internodes. The detection of phytoplasmas was obtained from both symptomatic yellow starthistle and periwinkle by the specific amplification of their 16S-23S rRNA genes. PCR amplification of extracted DNA from symptomatic plant samples gave a product of expected size. Asymptomatic plants did not give positive results. An amplicon obtained by direct PCR with universal primers P1/P7 was cloned and sequenced. The homology search using CLUSTALW program showed more than 99% similarity with Illinois elm yellows (ILEY) phytoplasma from Illinois (United States) and 97% with Brinjal little leaf (BLL) phytoplasma from India. Digestion of the nested-PCR products with restriction enzymes led to restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns referable to those described for phytoplasmas belonging to the clover proliferation (16S-VI) group. Since this is a previously undescribed disease, the name Centaurea solstitialis virescence has been tentatively assigned to it. This is a new phytoplasma with closest relationships to ILEY and BLL, but distinguishable from them on the basis of 16S rDNA homology, the different associated plant hosts and their geographical origin.     

100g/L三氟啶磺隆OD对细叶结缕草草坪杂草的防除效果研究

[目的]研究三氟啶磺隆防除细叶结缕草草坪杂草的效果、杀草谱、合理使用剂量及其对草坪的安全性,为大面积生产应用提供科学依据。[方法]采用单因素随机区组试验设计,在细叶结缕草草坪上,用100 g/L三氟啶磺隆OD 300～750 ml/hm2进行茎叶喷雾处理防除杂草研究。[结果]600～750ml/hm2的100 g/L三氟啶磺隆OD能有效防除酢浆草,其防效优于对照药剂25%秀百宫WDG;也能够较好地防除单穗水蜈蚣等莎草科杂草,对马唐也有一定的抑制效果,防效接近对照药剂25%秀百宫WDG;对两耳草、母草、粗叶耳草等防效相对较差;对成坪的细叶结缕草生长无影响,对草坪安全。[结论]在细叶结缕草草坪上使用600～750ml/hm2的100 g/L三氟啶磺隆OD较为适宜。     

Weed Allelopathy,Its Ecological Impacts and Future Prospects

Summary

The importance, characteristics, positive and negative impacts, and future role of weeds as an integral part of the natural and agroecosystems are evaluated and discussed. Interference between plants in nature and the importance of differentiating between competition and allelopathy are interpreted. Allelopathy as one component of weed/crop interference, allelochemicals from weed species and their possible mechanism of action are listed and discussed. Weed species with inhibitory action against cultivated crops, other weed species, and plant pathogens, as well as self-inhibitory (autopathic) species are reviewed. Stimulatory or inhibitory allelopathic effects of different crop plants, trapping and catching species, and the potential of allelopathic weeds in inhibiting or stimulating certain parasitic weed species are discussed and evaluated. Allelopathy as a mechanism and future strategy for agricultural pest control and farm management and the potential use and development of some allelochemicals as natural pesticides or plant growth regulators are also considered and discussed.     

植保无人机在江苏农垦稻麦病虫草害防治中的应用及展望

植保无人机作为一种新型施药工具,以作业高效安全、节水省药环保等特点于近几年迅速发展,并已广泛应用于农作物病虫草害防治。本综述重点对我国植保无人机的施药发展现状、近年来江苏农垦植保无人机的应用情况和植保无人机应用过程中存在的问题进行阐述,并对植保无人机应用的未来发展趋势进行展望。     

中国草地重要有毒植物信息系统的研发

中国草地重要有毒植物信息系统(InformationSystemofMainPoisonousPlantsontheGrasslandofChina)是为了方便科技工作者在对种类繁多的有毒植物进行研究时能快速查找到相关资料而建立的,同时也可提供中毒咨询服务。通过对大量文献资料进行综合分析与总结,将有毒植物的各种信息分为14类,再结合数据库技术,采用BorlandDelphi7和MSSQLServer2000软件开发出该信息系统。该系统具有可视化、人性化的界面,能很好地实现多种查询功能、信息修改、添加等维护功能以及用户管理功能,目前收录有毒植物200余种,并可发布到Internet上,供科研工作者共享。     

铅对草坪植物生物量与叶绿素水平的影响

通过盆载模拟试验研究了铅对植物生物量、叶片叶缘素含量变化的影响，以及植物中毒后的症状。结果表明，铅对植物根系生长发育影响极大，可使根冠细胞有丝分裂减少、根量减少。铅进入叶肉组织后导致叶片失绿，严重时使叶片枯黄死亡。试验早期植物中毒症状表现为根冠膨大变黑，严重时根系腐烂。当营养液中Pb浓度达5.0mol／m^3时，试验后期引起植物死亡且不易恢复。     

40%苯苄乙草胺WP防除水稻抛秧田杂草效果研究

对40%苯苄乙草胺WP、10%苄嘧磺隆WP、50%苯噻酰草胺WP、20%乙草胺WP、60%苯噻苄WP防除水稻抛秧田杂草的效果进行研究.试验结果表明:40%苯苄乙草胺WP在水稻抛秧后5～7 d施药,可有效防除稗草、节节菜、矮慈菇、鸭舌草、异型莎草等各种稻田常见杂草,用药量600-750 g/hm~2,药后40 d对各类杂草总草株防效、鲜蕈防效分别达83.8%～88.6%、94.4%～96.4%,显著高于对照药剂60%苯噻苄WP 600 g/hm~2、10%苄嘧磺隆WP 300g/hm~2和50%苯嚷酰草胺WP750 g/hm~2防效.     

外来恶性杂草假高粱种子萌发特性研究

 【目的】明确外来恶性杂草假高粱（Sorghum halepense）种子的萌发特性。【方法】研究颖片、温度、光照、GA3及土层深度对其种子萌发的影响。【结果】颖片对假高粱种子的萌发具有物理阻碍和化学抑制作用,是导致其种子休眠的主要原因。假高粱种子萌发的最适温度为30℃,在25℃/35℃、12 h/12 h的变温方式下也能较好地萌发。假高粱种子的萌发需要一定的光照条件,在连续光照或12 h光照条件下,其种子萌发率较高。GA3能显著促进假高粱种子的萌发,其最适浓度为1.16 mmol•L-1。0～4 cm的土层适宜假高粱种子的萌发,随着土层深度的增加其萌发率显著降低。【结论】假高粱种子的萌发受环境条件影响较大,通过采取有针对性的管理措施调控假高粱的萌发生长,可以有效遏制其危害蔓延。     

烟田重要杂草不同生活阶段的发育起点与有效积温研究

研究了烟田重要杂草稗草，两栖蓼，马唐，雀舌草和莎草的萌发生长与出草的起点温度和有效积温，结果表明，从吸胀到露白，萌发与出草阶段稗草，两栖蓼，马唐，雀舌草，莎草的起点温度与有效积温分别为6．05，3．50.1.49,3.65,3.93度与42.34,53.13,125.96,47.69,78.29日度,7.73,8.23,6.78,7.86,7,86,7.86度与46.01,46.96,56．97,39．72,39．07日度，7．49，6．52，6．70，6．83，6．96度与50．18，57．31，77．92，60．20，51．91日度。