模拟酸雨对山核桃叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素和生长的影响

为探明酸雨对山核桃Carya cathayensis叶绿素荧光特性的影响,设置pH 2.5,3.5,4.5和5.6（ck）共4个模拟酸雨处理,于2006年10月,2007年4月、7月、10月,利用叶绿素荧光技术测定了模拟酸雨胁迫后的山核桃的叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明：PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/F0）,PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量（ΦPSⅡ）和叶绿素的变化都随着模拟酸雨pH值的降低而降低,pH 2.5的处理下降幅度比较大,说明模拟酸雨对这个处理的山核桃有一定的伤害,其他处理之间变化不大。各个月表现基本一致,尤其2007年10月差异明显,说明模拟酸雨处理的山核桃更容易受到低温胁迫,造成伤害。研究还表明,Fv/Fm,Fv/F0,ΦPSⅡ可作为植物受到酸雨影响的重要指标。     

喀斯特地区酸梅不同繁殖材料造林抗逆性研究

对喀斯特地区酸梅不同繁殖材料造林植株的抗逆性进行了调查,结果表明:用酸梅种子实生苗和梅砧嫁接苗造林的植株在对火灾、水涝、病虫害和树基部倒瓶颈状畸形方面的抗性均较用梅枝条扦插和桃砧嫁接苗造林的植株的抗性强。根据报酬递减律,梅砧嫁接苗为酸梅生产中的最佳造林材料。     

Prolonged simulated acid rain treatment in the subarctic: Effect on the soil respiration rate and microbial biomass

Humus chemistry and respiration rate, ATP, ergosterol, and muramic acid concentration as measures of chemical properties, microbial activity, biomass, and indicators of fungal and bacterial biomass were studied in a long-term acid rain experiment in the far north of Finnish Lapland. The treatments used in this study were dry control, irrigated control (spring water, pH 6), and two levels of simulated acid rain (pH 4 and pH 3). Originally (1985–1988), simulated acid rain was prepared by adding both H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ (1.9:1 by weight). In 1989 the treatments were modified as follows. In subarea 1 the treatments continued unchanged (H₂SO₄+HNO₃ in rain to pH 4 and pH 3), but in subarea 2 only H₂SO₄ was applied. The plots were sampled in 1992. The acid application affected humus chemistry by lowering the pH, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation (due to a decrease in Ca and Mg) in the treatment with H₂SO₄+HNO₃ to pH 4 (total proton load over 8 years 2.92 kmol ha^-1), whereas the microbial variables were not affected at this proton load, and only the respiration rate decreased by 20% in the strongest simulated acid rain treatment (total proton load 14.9 kmol ha^-1). The different ratios of H₂SO₄+HNO₃ in subareas 1 and 2 did not affect the results.     

基于Hybrid-Maize模型的黑龙江春玉米灌溉增产潜力评估

区域灌溉增产潜力研究是建设灌溉设施的基础,该文利用Hybrid-Maize模型研究了黑龙江省不同区域玉米通过灌溉措施可获得的增产潜力。田间验证结果表明,Hybrid-Maize模型对黑龙江省灌溉和雨养玉米均表现出很好的模拟效果。为了研究黑龙江省春玉米灌溉增产潜力(充分灌溉和雨养产量潜力之间的产量差),利用Hybrid-Maize模型结合实际的生产要素(品种、密度和生育期)及多年气象数据对黑龙江全省玉米的产量潜力进行了模拟,结果表明,黑龙江省第1积温带灌溉增产潜力较大,第3、4、5积温带灌溉增产潜力小;第1与第2积温带西部代表站点灌溉增产潜力大于东部。区域模拟分析表明,黑龙江省西南部充分灌溉条件下的玉米产量潜力最高,达到15000kg/hm2以上,而东部地区雨养产量潜力最高,达到14000～14799kg/hm2;自西南向东、向北,灌溉增产潜力逐渐变小,西南部的灌溉增产潜力最大,达到1600kg/hm2以上,而东部与北部最小,灌溉增产潜力小于300kg/hm2。当生育期内降雨量在350mm以下、全年降雨量在430mm以下时灌溉增产潜力变异最大。因此,黑龙江省玉米灌溉条件的建设应综合考虑积温和降雨2个要素,优先考虑积温较高(第1与第2积温带)、降雨较低(生育期降雨量在350mm以下、全年降雨量在430mm以下)的区域。该研究可为黑龙江建立合理的水利灌溉设施提供参考。     

基于重心模型的西南山区降雨侵蚀力年内变化分析

降雨-植被耦合特征是决定土壤侵蚀的关键性要素,研究降雨侵蚀力的年内变化特征对于揭示不同区域降雨-植被的耦合特征、判定土壤侵蚀的危险期具有重要意义。该文利用中国西南山区439个气象站、水文站的逐日降雨量资料,估算了每个台站逐月降雨侵蚀力,并应用重心模型分析了西南山区降雨侵蚀力的年内变化特征。研究结果表明:西南山区春、夏、秋、季四季降雨侵蚀力变化明显,夏季最高,冬季最低。各季节的降雨侵蚀力空间分布与降水量相似,都表现出东南向西北逐渐递减的趋势。降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线主要有"单峰型"和"双峰型"2种,绝大多数地区降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线是"单峰型",峰值出现在6月、7月或8月份,青藏高原区域降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线是"双峰型",有6月和9月2个峰值。从东南部向西北部,降雨侵蚀力峰值出现的月份不断推后。西南山区降雨侵蚀力重心年内先向北迁移,然后向南迁移,形成一个循环,这展示了季风气候影响下的西南山区降雨侵蚀力年内变化特征。     

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湿润地区连栋温室集雨量与蓄水容积计算

湿润地区降水量大,连栋温室集雨设计应以经济、适度集蓄为目标,需要确定合适集雨量和集雨池容积。为探明一种简便的计算方法,该文首先提出集雨容积模数用以描述雨水收集能力与收集程度,然后通过集雨量计算统计,选用origin8.0软件内含指数函数模型进行模拟,建立了集雨容积模数与雨水收集率的拟合方程,并提出集雨量计算式,且计算准确度不受降雨量大小影响。应用时,可利用公式和方程,测算任意集雨面积的全年可集雨总量,按集雨计划确定集雨容积模数,即可计算设计集雨池容积,计算方法对南方湿润地区的温室大棚集雨工程设计有广泛的应用和参考价值。     

模拟酸雨对茶园土壤中铅的溶出及形态转化的影响

采用模拟酸雨连续淋洗的方法,研究了茶园土壤的酸化以及不同铅污染程度土壤中铅的溶出和形态转化规律。结果表明,土壤的酸化程度受酸雨酸性强度的控制,酸雨pH越低,土壤酸化程度越强;土壤中铅的溶出总量随模拟酸雨的酸度和土壤本身含铅量的增加而增加,但是土壤滤液中铅含量随时间变化的规律只受模拟酸雨的pH影响;土壤铅污染程度越严重,其中的活性态铅含量越高,同时pH<4.5的酸雨会使土壤中的非活性态铅大量向活性态转化,这将导致土壤中铅的活化而增加其生态风险。     

城镇圩区排涝泵站群日常运行方案优化

为降低城镇圩区排涝泵站群日常运行能耗,提出排涝站群总能耗最小的多方案试验选优、圩外河道水位控制去劣的优化运行调度方法。将圩区泵站群分组作为试验因素、每组泵站的开机方案为试验水平,以泵站群总能耗为试验结果开展正交试验,对试验结果应用正交分析得到泵站群若干种优化运行方案序列,选择总能耗最小且满足圩外河道的水位控制要求的方案为最优运行调度方案。以上海市城区某区域为实例,应用优化方法编制了2种潮水过程、4种降水条件下的优化调度预案;在不能利用潮水自排的最不利水文工况下,应用优化调度方案与现行调度方案相比,总电功耗最大可节省12%。通过开展优化调度方案与现行方案的节能效益比较,验证了现行方案的合理性并对现行方案提出了优化建议。一方面可为城镇圩区水行政主管部门优化日常调水预案提供参考,另一方面也为丰富和完善排泵站群优化调度方法的理论研究作了有益尝试。     

折流式人工湿地对矿区降雨径流的净化研究

根据陕西省渭南市蒲白矿区降雨径流的水质和水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行了对比,分析了COD_Cr,SS,TN,TP,NH₄⁺-N以及重金属Pb,Zn,Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨人工湿地的主要去除机制。结果表明:人工湿地对COD_Cr,TP,TN,NH₄⁺-N,SS的平均去除率分别为82.3%,65.9%,71.2%,73.5%,94.8%,对重金属Pb,Zn,Cu的平均去除率分别为91.3%,94.5%,81.2%,对重金属的去除率基本高于对营养元素的去除率;除了TN外,折流式人工湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅲ类质量标准,其中TN达Ⅳ类标准,出水重金属Pb,Zn,Cu均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准。降雨径流各污染物主要在人工湿地的第1格被去除,其中,COD_Cr,TP,SS和Pb均有一半以上的去除率发生在第1格。随着人工湿地沿程进水浓度的增加,其去除率逐渐下降。研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对矿区降雨径流的净化效果显著,并且该湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力,可用于城市地面径流污染的控制和雨水利用。