海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林下层乔木中华厚壳桂光合生理生态特性的研究

2001年旱季,用Li 6400便携式光合测定仪对尖峰岭热带山地雨林下层乔木中华厚壳桂主要光合生理生态因子进行了初步测定,结果显示:冠层不同部位叶片的净光合速率无明显差异;中华厚壳桂具有较低的光饱和点(800μmol·m-2·s-1)、光补偿点(15～20μmol·m-2·s-1)和最大光合速率(≤7μmolCO2·m-2·s-1)等耐荫性光合特性,并且缺乏对高光强改变的光合调节能力,但对光斑却有快速的光合响应能力;短期内高CO2浓度会使其光合速率增加,但对气孔导度和蒸腾作用却有抑制作用;在光合最适温度范围内,温度的升高将明显促进光合作用,温度升高4℃能够使其净光合速率平均提高1 6倍,但一旦超过此范围,温度的升高却将抑制光合作用的进行。在自然条件下净光合速率与光照、温度、CO2浓度及气孔导度并无明显的相关关系,而在控制条件下却呈显著的曲线相关。     

适应山区发展的美国布朗李的引种栽培

美国布郎李的两个品种－紫琥珀和黑宝石从１９９２年引入金华以来，表现出来的丰产稳产状，适应性强，品质佳等特点深当地群众喜爱，概述了这两个品种的生态生产物学特性及引种几个来的生长结果状况后，进而对它们的引种栽培技术作了介绍。     

Leaf-litter decomposition of 15 tree species in a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak: dynamics of carbon,nutrients, and organic constituents

The effects of tree species on the dynamics of nutrient transformations during leaf-litter decomposition are not well understood in tropical rain forests. To examine differences in the dynamics of C, nutrients, and organic constituents during decomposition among tree species, the leaf-litter decomposition of 15 trees was assessed using a litter-bag method in a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak. The dynamics of C was parallel to that of weight loss. The dynamics of nutrients were grouped into three patterns. The dynamics of K was characterized by a high leaching loss in the initial stages, and that of Ca and Mg generally showed a gradual decrease over the course of decomposition. The dynamics of N and P showed highly different patterns with the weight loss, and was characterized by relatively higher remaining mass at the end of the experiment. The variations or exceptions of nutrient dynamics among tree species were considered to be related to the initial concentration of each nutrient. For the dynamics of organic constituents, water-soluble carbohydrates disappeared quickly at the initial stages, and acid-soluble carbohydrates were the second fastest decomposing fraction; the decomposition of acid-insoluble residue (AIS) was the slowest. The release of limiting nutrients (N and P) generally followed the disappearance of AIS, but was independent of the disappearance of AIS when the initial concentrations of these nutrients were very low.     

菌根剂对桃、李、柰果实重量及病虫抗性的影响

为探索果树采用何种施肥方法 ,具较好经济效益 ,在桃、李、柰等果树上 ,选择Pt菌根剂、超大生物菌肥、肥力高和常规施用复合肥进行比较实验 ,发现Pt菌根剂具有较好经济效益。     

Promotion of the population growth of pinewood nematode in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings by pretreatment with simulated acid rain

Simulated acid rain (SAR) at three pH levels (pH 4, 3, 2) was applied to only the top or both the top and roots of 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings repeatedly for two months. Then the seedlings were inoculated with a virulent isolate (S10) of pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The exposure to SAR at any level did not kill the seedlings. When inoculated with nematodes, however, the nematode population build-up was significantly higher in the seedlings pretreated with SAR at any level than in the control at the 7th and 17th day after inoculation, and subsequent disease symptom development was also significantly accelerated by the exposure to SAR at pH 2 and 3. This result indicates that even acid rain at pH 4 has the potential for promoting population growth of pinewood nematodes in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings.     

国外李品种区域化栽培试验

为加速河南省李树品种结构调整,引进了国外李品种22个,并进行了区域化栽培试验。通过调查国外李品种的丰产性、稳产性和果实品质,确定了评价标准。采用综合评分的评价方法,筛选出了10个适合河南省发展的早、中、晚熟配套国外李优良品种。     

Growth performance and management of a mixed rainforest tree plantation

Monoculture plantations of Pinus, Eucalyptus and Acacia have beenestablished on rainforest lands throughout the world. However, this type of reforestation generally supplies low quality timber and contributes to landscape simplification. Alternatives to exotic monoculture plantations are now beginning to gain momentum with farmers and landholders attempting to establish a variety of rainforest trees in small plantations. When compared to the well studied commercial species, knowledge concerning the growth and management of many of these rainforest species is in its infancy. To help expand this limited knowledge base an experimental plantation of 16 rainforest tree species in a randomised design was established near Mt. Mee, in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Changes in growth, form (based on stem straightness, branch size and branchiness), crown diameters and leaf area of each species were examined over 5 years. Patterns of height growth were also measured monthly for 31 months. Species in this trial could be separated into three groups based on their overall growth after 5 years and their growth patterns. Early successional status, low timber density, high maximum photosynthetic rates and large total leaf areas were generally correlated to rapid height growth. Several species (including Araucaria cunninghamii, Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Grevillea robusta and Khaya nyasica) had above average form and growth, while all species in the trial had considerable potential to have increased productivity through tree selection. As canopy closure occurred at the site between years four and five, growth increments declined. To reduce stand competition a number of different thinning techniques could be employed. However, simple geometric or productivity based thinnings appear to be inappropriate management techniques for this mixed species stand as they would either remove many of the best performing trees or nearly half the species in the trial. Alternatively, a form based thinning would maintain the sites diversity, increase the average form of the plantation and provide some productivity benefits.     

Influence of host plant species on the development and reproduction of hawthorn spider mites

A leaf disc bioassay was employed to investigate the influence of host species of deciduous fruit trees, like apple, peach, plum, cherry and apricot, on the development and reproduction of the hawthorn spider mite Tetranychus viennensis Zacher in the laboratory under conditions of 25±1°C, 60±10% RH and a photoperiod of 16 h: 8 h light: dark. This was done by determining the duration of each life stage of the mites, the intrinsic rate of population increase (r _m ), mean generation time (T) and net reproductive rate (R ₀) of the spider mites on each of the host plant species. Differences in life table parameters of the spider mite among host plants were analyzed with the jack-knife method. The results indicated that plum might be the best suitable plant for the spider mite among the plants tested due to shorter developmental period and higher intrinsic rate of increase, whereas cherry and apricot were least suitable due to their long developmental duration and low intrinsic rates of increase. When the spider mites were transferred from apple to other fruit trees, negative effects on developmental duration, fecundity and life table parameters were found in the first generation, but the effects faded out in succeeding generations. When transferred onto plum and peach, the spider mite adapted to the new hosts in the second generation; however, on cherry and apricot, it adapted in the third generation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 27(7) [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 27(7)]     

Leaf-litter decomposition of 15 tree species in a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak: decomposition rates and initial litter chemistry

In a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak, leaf-litter decomposition and the initial litter chemistry of 15 tree species were studied. During 13 months of field experiment, weight loss of litter samples was between 44% and 91%, and calculated decomposition rate constants (k) ranged from 0.38 to 2.36 year⁻¹. The initial litter chemistry also varied widely (coefficients of variation: 19%–74%) and showed low N and P concentrations and high acid-insoluble residue (AIS) concentration. For nutrient-related litter chemistry, correlations with the decomposition rate were significant only for P concentration, C/P ratio, and AIS/P ratio (r _s = 0.59, −0.62, and −0.68, n = 15, P < 0.05, respectively). For organic constituents, correlations were significant for concentrations of AIS and total carbohydrates, and AIS/acid-soluble carbohydrate ratio (r _s = −0.81, 0.51, and −0.76, n = 15, P < 0.05, respectively). These results suggested that the relatively slow mean rate of decomposition (k = 1.10) was presumably due to the low litter quality (low P concentration and high AIS concentration), and that P might influence the decomposition rate; but organic constituents, especially the concentration of AIS, were more important components of initial litter chemistry than nutrient concentrations.     

荒漠植物白刺对模拟增雨的光合响应机制

【目的】研究不同增雨条件下白刺叶片的光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性,从光合生理角度探讨白刺对增雨的响应机制。【方法】以乌兰布和沙漠东缘地区典型荒漠植物白刺为研究对象,设置不同的增雨梯度(增加年均降水量的0,25%,50%,75%和100%),对自然生长的白刺沙包进行人工模拟增雨,利用 Li－6400xt便携式光合测定系统分析仪(USA,LI-COR)测定不同增雨条件下白刺叶片净光合速率(Pn)日动态变化、光响应曲线、CO2响应曲线以及叶绿素荧光参数,并根据 Pn 日变化曲线和响应曲线计算叶片日光合总量(∑Pn )以及各光合生理参数。【结果】1)75%和100%增雨对日均 Pn 和∑Pn 影响显著,日均 Pn 比 CK分别高32.74%和37.64%,∑Pn 比 CK 分别高32.01%和38.43%,说明增雨使白刺光合能力增强,日光合产物的积累增加。2)增雨使白刺表观量子效率( AQY)和光饱和点( LSP)升高,25%,50%,75%和100%增雨的 AQY 比 CK 分别高17.24%,31.03%,37.93%和24.14%,LSP比 CK分别高14.6%,6.0%,3.0%,26.1%,说明白刺叶片利用弱光的能力增强,对强光的利用范围增加,光能转化效率提高,有利于光合作用的高效进行。3)随着增雨量的增加,羧化效率(CE)呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,其中,100%增雨的 CE比 CK高5.73%;增雨使 CO2饱和点( CSP)升高,50%,75%和100%增雨的 CSP 显著高于 CK,分别比 CK高23.67%,28.35%和29.13%,说明白刺叶片 RuBP羧化酶和光合碳循环酶的活性增强,对高CO2浓度的利用范围增加。4)增雨使白刺叶片的原初光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm )、实际光化学量子效率(ФPSⅡ)、电子传递速率( ETR)和光化学猝灭系数( qP )提高,说明增雨有利于白刺叶片PSⅡ反应中心活性增强、开放比例提高,有利于叶片把所捕获的光能转化为生物化学能,并将更多的光能用于推动光合电子传递。【结论】白刺能够调节光合机构的功能、改变自身生理特性、增强对环境资源的利用能力来适应增雨的变化。