浅谈酸雨月报表编制及预审方法

根据实际工作经验,总结归纳酸雨月报表的编制、校对及预审方法,并提出一些酸雨月报表制作和预审过程中需要注意的事项,旨在为以后的酸雨观测工作提供参考。     

陕西省极端无雨日数的时空分布特征

利用陕西省78个地面气象站1961—2010年的逐日降水资料,统计了四季最大连续无降水日数,采用正交函数分解、Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法,分析了各季节极端无降水日数的空间结构和时间演变规律。结果表明：极端无雨日数最多出现在冬季,为16～45 d,最少是夏季,为8～14 d;冬、春季节的高值中心出现在陕北北部、关中的东部,冬季陕北北部达43 d以上,夏季高值中心出现在关中的东部,为11～13 d;冬、春旱陕北最多,关中次之,陕南较少,夏、秋旱关中最多,陕北次之,陕南较少;在大尺度天气系统控制下,四季极端无降水日数事件的步调基本一致,不同季节的天气系统对陕西各区域的影响具有明显的局地性和阶段性;近50 a来夏季和秋季表现为持续增多趋势,冬季和春季有部分站点呈现出反向变化趋势,其中夏季和秋季陕北局部、陕南局部干期日数增多趋势显著。     

模拟酸雨作用下红壤中多环芳烃的释放及纵向迁移特征

以USEPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃为研究对象,通过酸雨的土柱淋溶试验模拟实际降水过程,分析了不同酸度的模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量的变化及不同性质多环芳烃在土柱中纵向迁移特征。研究结果表明:不同酸度模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量均较淋溶前减少,pH2.5酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃含量较淋溶前减小的幅度最大(52.08%),pH5.6酸雨淋溶后减小的幅度最小(21.55%);酸雨破坏土壤微结构,使土壤胶体分散,粘粒下移,与土壤粘粒结合在一起的多环芳烃也一起向下迁移,酸雨pH值越小,多环芳烃在土壤中的纵向迁移能力就越强;酸雨对土壤中不同性质多环芳烃的纵向迁移影响不同,对低环多环芳烃(环数≤4)的迁移影响较大,对高环多环芳烃(环数4)影响较小,主要是由于不同性质多环芳烃在土壤中结合的物质不同而引起的。该研究结果为了解酸雨作用下多环芳烃在土壤介质中的稳定性及其对地下水潜在污染的风险评价提供理论依据。     

稀土元素示踪坡面次降雨条件下的侵蚀过程

为定量研究次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的演变过程,该文利用REE-INAA（稀土元素-中子活化分析）方法,将REE元素沿坡面垂直分层布设并结合室内模拟降雨试验,研究了次降雨条件下面蚀和细沟侵蚀的转变和动态发育过程。结果表明：降雨初期坡面主要发生面蚀,细沟出现后,坡面侵蚀将加快加剧,细沟侵蚀深度随之迅速增加。坡面侵蚀中面蚀量约占总侵蚀量的30%左右,细沟侵蚀量占70%左右。单位深度范围内最上层土壤侵蚀量最大,向下依次递减。可以将坡面侵蚀形态演变过程划分为面蚀、细沟发育和细沟稳定3个阶段,各阶段转化都有明显的拐点出现。因此,利用REE-INAA方法可以对土壤侵蚀演变过程进行较准确地定量研究。     

提高大石早生李坐果率试验研究

为提高大石早生李初果期坐果率,于盛花期进行人工授粉、环剥和环割、喷施激素和微肥试验。结果表明:选择盖县大李和香蕉李作授粉树,盛花期对主干进行环剥、喷施30×10-6赤霉素、100×10-6氯化稀土、03%硼砂+03%尿素,均能显著提高大石早生李坐果率。     

A laboratory investigation of the release of a conservative tracer and herbicide from topsoil aggregates under varying rainfall intensities

Abstract. This paper describes the results of laboratory-based research which investigated the losses of the herbicide, isoproturon, and a non-adsorbing solute, bromide, from topsoil aggregates under high (7 mm h⁻¹ and low 2.7 mm h⁻¹) intensity simulated rainfall. The structures of the micro- and macro-aggregates from a clay soil of the Denchworth Series (from Wytham, Oxfordshire, UK) were observed using a scanning electron microscope, and the slaking of the topsoil aggregates was also investigated in order to provide a context for interpreting the experimental results. The topsoil at Wytham was found to have a bimodal structure with small microaggregates of 0.71 to 1 mm diameter clustered together to form larger macroaggregates of up to several centimetres diameter. Selected aggregates were air dried and then repacked in Buchner funnels to several centimetres depth in order to remove variability in the experimental results due to the effects of surface microrelief. Under saturated surface conditions high intensity simulated rainfall was less efficient at removing both non-adsorbing and adsorbing solutes from the repacked topsoil aggregates than low intensity rainfall. The observed decrease in the concentration of isoproturon and bromide in the leachate with time could be explained by a transport non-equilibrium effect.     

保护地栽植矮甜李授粉方法选择试验

日光节能温室内种植的矮甜李选择授粉方法是获得高产的关键。通过人工点授、自然授粉、室内放蜂、液体授粉 4种方法的对比 ,总结出 4种授粉方法的坐果率为人工点授 (3 1 .0 7% ) >室内放蜂 (2 1 % ) >液体授粉 (9.5 3 % ) >自然授粉 (0 .1 6% ) ,从试验结果看出 ,保护地种植矮甜李必须进行辅助授粉 ,否则无产量。从经济、快捷、简便的角度出发 ,以室内放蜂为最佳授粉方法 ,放蜂量为 1 0 0 0头 /棚。     

李树叶片细菌性穿孔病的发生规律及防治研究

细菌性穿孔病可导致李树叶片大量脱落,树势衰弱,产量降低,品质下降.研究发现,病害的初侵染源来自枝干病斑,生长季节枝、叶、果互相交叉传染.种植感病品种、树势强旺、雨日多、雨量大为该病的流行因素.选用抗病品种、消除初侵染源、加强栽培管理、生长期用药控制是防治该病的有效措施.     

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of resistance to sharka (Plum pox virus) of several Prunus rootstocks

Sharka (Plum pox virus, PPV) severely affects the production of most Prunus species in the areas affected by the disease. In this study, the resistance of 15 Prunus rootstocks to a Dideron type isolate of PPV was evaluated under controlled conditions in an insect‐proof greenhouse. After four cycles of study,‘GF677’ almond x peach hybrid,‘Myrobolan 29C plum and ‘L2’ cherry did not show any symptoms and were ELISA‐DASI and RT‐PCR negative. These were considered resistant to PPV. The rest of the rootstocks assayed showed symptoms of sharka (confirmed by ELISA‐DASI or RT‐PCR), although the level of susceptibility was different for each rootstock.‘GF305’ peach, ‘Puebla de Soto’ plum and ‘Real Fino’ apricot, were highly susceptible to PPV, showing strong sharka symptoms and being ELISA and RT‐PCR positive. ‘Marianna 2624’ plum,‘AC 9921‐07’ hybrid and ‘CP‐2’ plum showed susceptibility to PPV confirmed by ELISA‐DASI and RT‐PCR positives.‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Nemared’ hybrids, ‘Torinel’ plum and ‘STN2’ hybrid showed an intermediate susceptibility to PPV with slight sharka symptoms and were ELISA‐DASI and RT‐PCR positive. Whereas, ‘Montclar’ peach and ‘Evrica’ hybrid showed moderate resistance to PPV with slight sharka symptoms and were ELISA positive but RT‐PCR negative. The results open new possibilities in the search for different sources of resistance to PPV within Prunus.