营养水平和酵母硒对烟台黑猪屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同营养水平及酵母硒对胴体性状和肉质指标的影响。选取体况良好、体重为(70.30±1.30)kg的烟台黑猪48头,公、母各半,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理组4个重复,每个重复3头。Ⅰ组饲喂低营养水平日粮(消化能11.19 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质12.28%),Ⅱ组饲喂低营养水平+0.5 mg/kg酵母硒日粮,Ⅲ组饲喂高营养水平日粮(消化能13.11 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质14.73%),Ⅳ组饲喂高营养水平+0.5 mg/kg酵母硒日粮。试验预试期为7 d,正试期为105 d。结果表明:与低营养水平组相比,高营养水平能够极显著提高烟台黑猪的胴体重(P0.01),显著提高眼肌面积和瘦肉率(P0.05);营养水平和酵母硒对烟台黑猪的肉质性状影响均不显著(P0.05),其中高营养水平有提高其肌内脂肪及肌肉风味氨基酸含量的趋势(P0.05);与未添加酵母硒组相比,添加酵母硒能够显著提高肌肉中油酸含量(P0.05),有提高其肌肉中亚油酸含量的趋势(P0.05),能够极显著提高其肌肉中硒元素含量(P0.01);营养水平和酵母硒对屠宰性能、胴体性能、肉品质等无互作效应(P0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,高营养水平能够提高烟台黑猪肌内脂肪及风味氨基酸的含量;酵母硒有利于提高烟台黑猪肌肉中油酸含量,有提高亚油酸含量的趋势。     

施氮对藏北垂穗披碱草人工草地叶片功能性状和种群特征的影响

于2015-2016年在藏北地区那曲县那曲镇的农业部农业环境科学观测实验站内进行,采取尿素均匀湿撒,施氮水平为0 g·m^-2(CK)、7 g·m^-2(N₁)、15 g·m^-2(N₂)、30 g·m^-2(N₃)、40 g·m^-2(N₄)、50 g·m^-2(N₅),研究了藏北垂穗披碱草叶片功能性状和种群特征对不同施氮水平的响应。结果表明,1)施氮条件下垂穗披碱草叶面积、比叶面积都有一定提高;施氮显著促进分蘖数增加(P<0.05),但对叶片光合速率影响不显著;2)不同施氮处理下,抽穗密度有不同程度的提高;生殖高度响应不显著,而营养高度显著升高(P<0.05),N₅最高,为32.87 cm,与对照比增幅达111.29%;盖度先迅速增加然后稳定在饱和状态,从43.67%上升到100%;随施氮量增加,生物量显著增加(P<0.05),且施氮量越高生物量越高,最高增幅出现在N₅处理,达到303.18%,从对照组的145.81 g·m^-2增长到了587.89 g·m^-2;3)相关性分析表明,氮肥单因子作用下生物量与营养高度、生殖高度以及盖度之间呈显著相关(P<0.01),表明在施氮条件下,种群特征是影响垂穗披碱草人工草地生产力提高的关键因素,而非叶片功能性状。     

Dietary protein level affects nutrient digestibility and ileal microbiota structure in growing pigs

This study aimed to determine whether dietary protein content influences pig health as indicated by ileal microbiota structure and coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients. Seventy‐two gilts, with an initial body weight of 29.9 ± 1.5 kg, were used in this 42‐day feeding study. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments of corn‐soybean meal contained 14, 16 or 18% crude protein (CP). As dietary CP content decreased, the CTTAD of most essential amino acids (AAs), except for arginine and histidine, increased linearly, while those of most nonessential AAs decreased linearly. The concentration of total short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) was higher in pigs fed the diet with 14% CP content than others. Ileal microbiota structure was changed by dietary treatments. In particular, at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Tenericutes in ileal digesta decreased as the dietary protein content reduced, while that of cyanobacteria increased. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Weeksella, Phaseolus acutifolius, Slackia, Sulfurimonas and Aerococcus showed significant differences among the three dietary treatments. In conclusion, ileal microbiota structure was changed by dietary protein content. Moderate reduction of protein intake can benefit gut health by enhancing the gut microbial fermentation and SCFA formation.     

香猪卵巢RARRES1基因第1外显子CG位点的甲基化及其与基因差异表达的关联

为验证和探索香猪卵巢转录组RNA测序检测到的视黄酸受体应答1（retinoic acid receptor responder 1,RARRES1）基因在香猪高、低产仔组之间差异表达的原因,本试验针对RARRES1基因第1外显子ATG下游富含CpG位点区段设计特异性引物,采用亚硫酸氢盐测序法（bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP）研究卵巢RARRES1基因中的甲基化修饰水平;利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测高、低产仔组香猪卵巢RARRES1基因的表达量,并探究其与基因甲基化水平之间的相关性。结果表明,与低产仔组相比,香猪高产仔组的甲基化水平较高;4个CpG位点均未被甲基化（CpG_7、CpG_11、CpG_12和CpG_15）,另外3个CpG位点（CpG_8、CpG_17和CpG_18）基本上全部发生了甲基化。此外,与低产仔组相比,香猪高产仔组中CpG_4（P>0.05）、CpG_9（P<0.05）和CpG_16（P<0.05）位点的甲基化占比较高,而CpG_6位点在香猪低产仔组中的甲基化比例较高,两组差异极显著（P<0.01）。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,高产仔组香猪RARRES1基因的表达水平较高（P<0.05）。Spearman相关分析结果显示,CpG_9和CpG_16两个位点的甲基化比例与RARRES1基因的表达水平高度正相关（R²=0.896,P<0.01）,提示这两个位点的甲基化可能是香猪高产仔组RARRES1基因表达量较高的原因。     

Decomposition of cellulose in litter layer and surface peat of low‐shrub pine bogs

Microbial activity was measured using cellulose sheets on two geographically separated sites, one in Trøgstad, SE‐Norway, and the other near Joensuu, SE‐Finland, to study effects of climate, drainage, and fertilization. The biggest weight losses from the cellulose sheets were recorded under the litter layer and in the upper 5 cm peat layer. The weight loss for these layers in, e.g. 1987/88 (1 June‐31 May), ranged from 64–74% on the Trøgstad site and from 64–82 % on the Joensuu site. The Joensuu data were to some extent explained by the variation in precipitation and air temperature, while the effects of the drainage in 1984 probably covered such effects on the Trøgstad site. The cellulose decomposition rate was high during winter‐spring periods (16 October‐31 May), about the same percentage as in the summer‐autumn periods (1 June‐15 October). A strong fertilization response was found in the microbiological activity, resulting in a 10 cm‐downward shift in the depth for measureable weight loss from the cellulose sheets. Judged from cellulose decomposition, the aerobic limit on the Trøgstad site was at depth‐interval 15–30 cm, and on the Joensuu site at 20–40 cm. The aerobic limit was probably 15–20 cm deeper in hummocks than in hollows.     

Root Growth of Two Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Cultivars Grown under Different Groundwater Level Conditions

Abstract

Soybean yield is low in the fields with a low groundwater level during summer due to drought stress. By raising the groundwater level using Farm-Oriented Enhancing Aquatic System (FOEAS) the yield of soybean cultivar Sachiyutaka can be increased, but not that of Fukuyutaka. Here, we examined the effect of the groundwater level on root growth and its dynamics in these two cultivars. Three of the four experiments demonstrated that root elongation ceased just below groundwater level in both cultivars. However, when the groundwater level was kept at 35 cm or deeper, the root growth at an early growth stage was more vigorous at a deeper layer in Fukuyutaka than in Sachiyutaka, but at the mid-growth stage root growth in Sachiyutaka became similar to or exceeded that of Fukuyutaka. These results indicated that the optimum control technique for the groundwater level differed with the cultivar. The groundwater level for Sachiyutaka should be kept relatively high at an early growth stage. Further studies will be needed to clarify the optimum control technique for maximizing the yield of Fukuyutaka that have a fast root growth at an early growth stage.     

能量水平对20～30 kg羔羊生长性能、能量和氮表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同能量水平对道寒杂交羔羊生长性能、能量和氮表观消化率的影响,为肉用羔羊配制适宜营养水平的日粮提供依据。选用体重20 kg左右的道寒杂交断奶公羔48只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复4只。以NRC(2007)营养需要量参数为依据,配制不同代谢能水平(10.12、11.11、12.05 MJ/kg)日粮,可消化蛋白(11%)、钙和磷水平一致。试验预试期15 d,正试期50 d。当其中1组平均体重达到30 kg时,每组取6只,采用全收粪法收集粪样,测定能量和氮表观消化率。结果表明:羔羊体重、日增重、采食量均随能量水平的增加而提高,其中高能组极显著高于低能组(P0.01),显著高于中能组(P0.05),中能组显著高于低能组(P0.05);高能组日粮能量表观消化率显著高于低能组和中能组(P0.05),低能组与中能组间差异不显著(P0.05);高能组和中能组的日粮氮表观消化率极显著高于低能组(P0.01),高能组与中组间差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮能量水平影响羔羊能量和蛋白的消化利用及生长发育,当20~30 kg羔羊日粮含11%可消化蛋白,代谢能为12 MJ/kg时羔羊生长性能、能量和蛋白利用率最佳。     

由提升工会组织审计水平谈内外部审计结合

随着国家对工会经费审计工作要求的不断提升，过去单纯的内部审计本身所具有的局限性已经凸显，无法满足工会组织审计工作的需求。引入外部审计，利用外部审计的技术优势、经验优势以及对独立性的要求，对内部审计进行强化与改良，从而达到内部审计与外部审计的完美结合，提升工会经费的审计水平。     

大力推进标准化生产 全面提升热作生产水平

分析推进标准化生产的深远意义，阐述实施热作标准化生产的基本内涵和要求，提出推进热作标准化生产的有关建议：完善标准，为实施标准化生产提供依据和指导；创新机制，提升标准化生产组织化水平；加强指导和服务，推进标准化生产水平；重视培训，建设标准化生产队伍；标准化生产与热作产品的品牌化经营相结合；建立农业标准化信息网络；深入推进标准化生产示范园建设。     

Gene bank scheduling of seed regeneration: Interim report on a long term storage study

A major challenge for the management of gene banks is the maintenance of good seed health in the collections. Large germplasm collections 10 000 accessions often have been acquired from different sources over a range of dates, may differ in germination at time of deposition in the gene bank, and may have genetic differences in seed longevity. The major storage variables affecting seed longevity are temperature and seed moisture content. Two varieties of each pea(Pisum sativus L.), lentil(Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris), and chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.), were stored at three temperatures; 40, 20, and 2°C, each with three seed moisture levels of 10.9–13.8%(high), 7.9–10.3%(medium), and 7–7.8%(low), in the Australian Temperate Field Crops Collection gene bank. Seed longevity at a given storage period was estimated by the corresponding germination percentage for each treatment. This paper is an interim report on seed viability decline in the first seven years of this seed longevity study, in which viability decline towards zero was almost completed in the three seed moisture treatments at 40°C and the 20°C high seed moisture treatment, but had not declined in the other treatments. Seed longevity positively responded to a reduction in temperature and then to a reduction in seed moisture. The number of days in storage for seed germination decline to 85%(p85), and to 50%(p50) for mean seed viability, are reported by storage/varietal treatment. Both p85 and p50 showed significant inverse linear responses with seed moisture at 40°C for pea and lentil varieties, with intra-specific variation for pea. This long term trial aims to provide informed timing of seed regeneration for accessions in a gene bank.