野生花卉资源在郑州园林绿化中的应用

郑州市可以利用的野生花卉资源非常丰富,但在城市园林中应用比例极低在对河南省野生花卉资源调查的基础上,提出了15种具有开发利用前景的野生花卉种类,并对野生花卉在城市园林中应用存在的问题及对策进行了初步的探讨。     

植物抗寒基因工程研究进展

低温是影响植物分布、产量及品质的重要非生物胁迫因素,提高植物的抗寒性是作物育种的重要任务.近年来,植物抗寒分子机理研究不断深入,植物抗寒基因工程研究获得了长足的进展.对植物抗寒调控基因和保护基因的遗传转化研究进展作了综述,并提出了该领域未来重点研究的几个问题.     

Effects of bilirubin on oxygen free radicals and caspase-3 in acute lung injury rats

AIM:To investigate the mechanisms by which bilirubin inhibits acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS:30 female Wistar rats were divided into normal group, ALI group and bilirubin treatment group. ALI was induced by intravenous injection of LPS. The contents of OH^-, H₂O₂ and O₂^· in the lung as well as the expression of caspase-3 in the lungs were investigated. RESULTS:(1) The contents of OH^-, H₂O₂ and O₂^· in the lung homogenate and the expression of caspase-3 in the lungs in ALI group increased compared with those in normal group (P<0.05). (2) The contents of OH^-, H₂O₂ and O₂^· in the lung homogenate and the expression of caspase-3 in the lungs in bilirubin treatment group increased compared with those in normal group, but decreased compared with those in ALI models (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:(1) Bilirubin was shown to be able to ameliorate apoptosis in ALI rats. (2) The increase in the contents of OH^-, H₂O₂, O₂^· in ALI group indicated the development of oxidative lung injury, which was ameliorated by bilirubin. (3) Expression of caspase-3 confirmed that the model made by LPS was associated with apoptosis, which was reduced by bilirubin.     

常德地区茄果类蔬菜田间杂草种类、分布及危害

对常德地区茄果类蔬菜田间杂草种类、分布及危害特点进行研究,结果表明,该地区现有茄果类蔬菜田间杂草16科38种,以禾本科、菊科、石竹科、蓼科、玄参科、莎草科、十字花科等为优势科,其中优势种有菵草（Beckmannia syzigachne）、马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis）、莎草(Cyperus rotundus)、卷耳（Cerastium arvense）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）、水花生（Alternanthera philoxeroidea）、铁苋菜（Acalypha australis）、通泉草（Mazus japonicusxo）、丁香蓼（Ludwigia prostrata）、早熟禾(Poa annaua)等。并对盖有地膜和未盖地膜的茄果类蔬菜田间杂草种类、分布及危害特点进行了综合分析,为常德地区茄果类蔬菜田间杂草的综合防除提供了重要资料。     

不同化学试剂和处理方式加倍小麦单倍体植株的效果

【目的】长期以来,小麦单倍体植株染色体加倍主要采用移栽前秋水仙素溶液通气浸泡分蘖节方法,该方法存在操作复杂、污染环境等问题,而且秋水仙素毒性较强、用量较大、价格较高。本研究的目的是建立小麦单倍体植株简便、安全、高效的加倍方法,寻找可以替代秋水仙素用于小麦单倍体植株加倍的化学试剂。【方法】通过小麦品系Fielder花药培养,小麦品种科农199、新春9号和小麦品系CB037、中国春（CS）与玉米自交系郑58杂交获得小麦单倍体植株,小麦品系中国春与甘肃黑麦杂交获得小麦-黑麦双单倍体植株,利用0、5、10和20 mmol·L^-1秋水仙素溶液分别采取分蘖节加注、叶片涂抹和培养基表面添加方式对不同来源小麦单倍体植株进行加倍,并采用培养基表面添加0、30、60和120 μmol·L^-1甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺和氟乐灵溶液对小麦单倍体植株及小麦-黑麦双单倍体植株加倍,比较不同加倍方法和3种除草剂的加倍效果,确定各个加倍试剂的适宜浓度。【结果】不同浓度秋水仙素溶液（0、5、10和20 mmol·L^-1）加注小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株分蘖节部位对小麦单倍体植株不具有加倍效果,不宜在小麦单倍体植株加倍中采用。10 mmol·L^-1秋水仙素溶液涂抹拔节期小麦单倍体植株叶片的加倍率为7.7%,其他3个秋水仙素溶液浓度没有加倍成功,也不适合小麦单倍体植株加倍。培养基表面添加4个浓度秋水仙素溶液处理小麦花药培养单倍体植株的加倍率分别为26.7%、42.9%、73.3%和85.7%。表明培养基表面添加秋水仙素溶液对小麦单倍体植株的加倍效果最好,适宜浓度至少为20 mmol·L^-1。培养基表面添加0、30、60和120 μmol·L^-1炔苯酰草胺溶液处理小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株的加倍率分别为0、0-57.1%、28.6%-75.0%和0-100%,其他2种除草剂处理小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株没有成功;培养基表面添加120 μmol·L^-1炔苯酰草胺溶液处理小麦与黑麦杂交双单倍体植株的加倍率为9.0%,添加其他3个浓度炔苯酰草胺溶液和其他3种加倍试剂均没有结实。【结论】60-120 μmol·L^-1浓度炔苯酰草胺溶液对小麦单倍体植株加倍具有较好效果,培养基表面添加适宜浓度秋水仙素和炔苯酰草胺溶液对小麦单倍体植株加倍有效,而且简单易行。     

贵州中药材白及病虫害种类的调查与综合防治

为了摸清贵州中药材白及的病虫害种类及发生情况,为其防治提供参考,2010-2011年采用踏查、普查和定点定时系统调查的方式对贵州白及中药材的病虫害种类进行了调查。结果表明:贵州白及共有常见病虫害9种,病害主要为块茎腐烂病(Rhizoctonia sp)、块茎生理性腐烂病、白及叶褐斑病和白及叶斑灰霉病4种,虫害为菜蚜(Lipaphi serysimi)、细胸金针虫(Agriotes fuscicollis)和螨3种,其他有2种,即蜗牛(Fruticicola ravida)和鼠害。根据种植基地的病虫害发生情况,提出了白及病虫害的综合防治技术。     

Pollinators of the invasive plant, yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), in north-eastern Oregon, USA

The potential pollinators of yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis ) were surveyed at six sites in north-eastern Oregon, USA, between May and September from 2000 to 2002. The objective of the study was to determine the species composition and relative abundance of the insects that visited yellow starthistle throughout the flowering season and to assess the pollen loads on their bodies in order to infer which species might be the most effective pollinators of this invasive plant species in north-eastern Oregon. A total of 1923 individual flower visitors were collected at the six sites over the 3 year study period, comprising four orders, 41 families, and 203 species of insects. The 20 most commonly collected species represented nearly 59% of the individuals and just ten of these species could be considered the key pollinators, judging by the combination of abundance and pollen carriage (the megachilids, Megachile apicalis (introduced) and Megachile perihirta , the apids, Apis mellifera (introduced), Bombus bifarius , Bombus centralis , Svastra obliqua , and Melissodes lutalenta , the halictids, Halictus tripartitus and Halictus ligatus , and the tachinid, Peleteria malleola . Over the 3 year study period, the six sites were consistently distinct in their flower visitor fauna, with the metropolitan Pendleton sites having a species composition distinct from the four mountain sites. Consistent patterns of interannual variation also were observed over the 3 year study. These patterns of flower visitation are interpreted in the context of the plant community within which yellow starthistle grows in north-eastern Oregon.     

蛎盾蚧属Lepidosaphes shimer两近缘种的研究──紫疤蛎盾蛤L．beckii Newman与苏铁蛎盾蚧L．cycadicola Kuwana

本文报道了作者研究蛎盾蚧属两近缘种的研究结果。在１９８５—１９８６年研究蛎盾蚧属的过程中，发现紫疤蛎盾蚧Ｌ．ｂｅｃｋｉｉ与苏铁蛎盾蚧Ｌ．ｃｙｃａｄｉｃｏｌａ两者种限模糊，有过渡类型存在。作者通过对两者种的大星标本进行了深入细致的观察研究，共观察显微个体计３００余个，并从两者种的各个相同部位进行了详尽的对比和论证，提出了两者种应归并为同种的详细依据。本文研究所用材料源于山西农大外虫研究室，种名由汤纺德教授鉴定，在研究过程中，得到汤纺德教授的精心指导并审阅，在此深表谢意。     

Understory plant communities of boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada: Natural patterns and response to variable-retention harvesting

We examined patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and composition of understory vascular plant communities in mixedwood boreal forests of varying composition (broadleaf, mixedwood, conifer) in Alberta, Canada, before and for 2 years following variable-retention harvesting (clearcut, 20 and 75% dispersed green tree retention, control). Broadleaf-dominated forests differed from mixedwood or conifer-dominated forests in that they had greater canopy cover, litter depth, soil nitrogen, warmer soils, as well as greater shrub cover, herb and shrub richness and diversity (plot scale). In contrast, conifer, and to a lesser extent mixedwood, forest had greater β diversity than broadleaf forest. Overall, mixedwood and conifer forests were similar to one another, both differed from broadleaf forest. Several species were found to be significant indicators of broadleaf forest but most of these also occurred in the other forest types. Understory composition was related to canopy composition and edaphic conditions. Variable-retention harvesting had little effect on understory cover, richness, or diversity but resulted in reduced richness and β diversity at a larger scale. The clearcut and 20% treatments affected composition in all forest types. Early successional species and those common in disturbed sites were indicators of harvesting while evergreen, shade-tolerant understory herbs were indicators of the control forest and 75% retention harvest. We conclude that it is important to maintain a range of variation in canopy composition of mixedwood forests in order to conserve the associated understory communities. The presence of conifers in these forests has a particularly important influence on understory communities. The threshold for a lifeboat effect of variable-retention harvesting is between 20 and 75% retention. Examination of richness and β diversity at a variety of scales can provide interesting information on effects of harvesting on spatial reorganization and homogenization of understory plant communities.     

青海省森林林下草本层化学计量特征及其碳储量

为阐明青海省森林生态系统林下草本层化学计量特征和碳密度分布格局,基于2011年青海森林资源野外样方调查和室内分析,评估了青海省7个优势种(白桦、白杨、红桦、青杄、山杨、圆柏、云杉)林下草本层的化学计量特征(C、N、P;C∶N、C∶P、N∶P)以及碳密度的差异。同时,估算了青海省7个优势种林下草本层碳储量大小。结果表明,草本层地上碳含量圆柏林[(419.9±1.44) g·kg^-1]显著高于其他林型,但是地下碳含量[(364.6±8.33) g·kg^-1]显著低于其他林型;氮含量均表现出圆柏和云杉林显著高于其他林型;磷含量在不同林型间差异不显著。圆柏林和云杉林林下草本层C∶N、C∶P显著低于其他林型,而N∶P显著高于其他林型。此外,林下草本层地上和地下生物量、碳密度均表现出圆柏林显著高于其他林型。根据青海省7种优势树种化学计量特征与碳密度的相关性分析,发现草本层碳密度与其化学计量特征有相关性,可以根据碳含量推算碳密度。将海拔作为环境因子考虑,发现圆柏和云杉林下草本层碳密度分布于较高海拔,其他树种则分布于较低海拔。因此,理解养分元素在草本层“地上-地下部分”之间的生态化学计量特征,以及估算草本层的碳储量,对于揭示青海省森林生态系统的养分状况和生物化学循环过程极为重要。