The effect of NPK fertilizer with different nitrogen solubility on growth,nutrient uptake and use by chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement.     

辽宁地区两种菊科入侵植物与本地植物光合特性比较

为明确外来植物生理生态学性状及其与其强入侵性的关系,本研究采用野外原位气体交换参数测定的方法,分析了菊科入侵植物豚草、三裂叶豚草与其共生本地植物紫菀光合特性和叶片性状的差异。结果表明,豚草、三裂叶豚草、紫菀3种植物的光饱和点(LSP)均高于800μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),且两种入侵植物的LSP显著高于紫菀,表观量子效率(AQY)则显著低于紫菀;3种植物的最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))大小顺序为豚草三裂叶豚草紫菀,其中,豚草和三裂叶豚草的P_(nmax)分别比紫菀高出151.28%、82.80%,且差异显著。两种入侵植物的比叶面积(SLA)、叶片的单位质量氮含量(N_(mass))、叶片单位质量磷含量(P_(mass))、光合能量利用效率(PEUE)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)均显著高于紫菀,但3者叶片单位质量建成成本(CC_(_(mass)))差异不显著。综上所述,辽宁的两种菊科入侵植物相对于本地共生种来说有着较高的气体交换参数和叶片特性指标,且其光合特性和叶片特性也存在着密切的联系,表现在这些菊科入侵植物有着更高的P_(nmax)、PNUE、PEUE和水分利用效率(WUE)等光合特性指标和能量利用指标,使得入侵植物能够更有效地捕获和利用环境资源,成为其得以成功入侵的原因之一。     

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本地埂植物根系分布及抗拉力学特征

[目的]探究三峡库区紫色土坡耕地3种草本地埂植物根系分布及抗拉特征,为揭示地埂植物根系固结地埂提供理论依据和数据支持。[方法]以三峡库区自然恢复的蓑草、人工种植的韭菜和蚕豆这3种草本地埂植物根系为研究对象,对比分析其根系在不同地埂土壤深度的分布规律及根系抗拉特性。[结果](1)在0—40cm深度土壤中3种草本地埂植物根系直径变化表现出:蚕豆根系韭菜根系蓑草根系。3种草本地埂植物根系直径与地埂土壤的土层深度间服从指数函数关系。(2)在0—40cm地埂土层深度范围内,韭菜根系生物量与蓑草根系和蚕豆根系生物量之间存在显著性差异(p0.05),韭菜和蚕豆地埂植物根系生物量随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,蓑草地埂植物根系生物量随土层深度的增加先增加后减小。(3)3种草本地埂植物根系的单根平均抗拉力次序为蚕豆根系(10.53N)蓑草根系(6.03N)韭菜根系(4.51N),3种地埂植物根系单根抗拉力与根径呈幂函数关系(p0.05)。3种地埂植物根系的抗拉强度表现为蓑草根系(45.91 MPa)蚕豆根系(18.02MPa)韭菜根系(12.20 MPa)。(4)3种草本地埂植物根系黏聚力变化顺序为:蓑草根系(0.013 1kPa)蚕豆根系(0.009 4kPa)韭菜根系(0.005 5kPa)且3种地埂植物根系黏聚力与土层深度呈指数函数关系(p0.01)。[结论]自然恢复的蓑草地埂在三峡库区较其他两种人工种植的地埂植物有更好的固结地埂效果,从而有效控制坡面土壤侵蚀和水土流失。草本植物固结地埂可为三峡库区坡耕地治理提供新思路。     

土壤因子对莫索湾梭梭林林下植被分布和多样性的影响

[目的]研究土壤因子对古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘莫索湾地区天然梭梭林、天然—人工梭梭林、人工梭梭林林下植被分布和物种多样性的影响,为该区物种多样性保护提供理论依据。[方法]采用典范对应分析法(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)和广义加型模型(generalized additive model,GAM)分析了6个土壤因子(共8个指标)与物种分布和多样性之间的关系。[结果](1)土壤水分、电导率、pH值和生物结皮的发育是影响植物分布的主要土壤因子。刺沙蓬和狭果鹤虱主要分布在土壤水分和电导率较高的林地,细裂补血草分布在高pH值环境中,虫实分布在土壤水分和电导率较低,同时生物结皮发育较好的林地,甘新念珠芥和滨藜对环境的适应能力较强,各生境均有分布,自然更新的梭梭幼苗分布随着土壤水分、电导率降低和生物结皮增加相对重要值逐渐增大;(2)土壤水分、电导率、pH值和土壤质地是影响物种多样性的主要因素。物种多样性指数与土壤水分和粉粒含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与电导率和pH值呈极显著负相关(p0.01),在土壤水分较低的环境条件下(2.19%~6.28%),土壤水分是影响多样性指数的最主要因子,当土壤水分8.0%时,多样性指数趋于稳定,同时,土壤pH值9.0时,多样性指数有明显下降趋势。[结论]梭梭林林下植被的分布和物种多样性是由土壤水分、电导率和土壤质地为主的多种土壤因子综合作用的结果。     

不同干扰方式对桂西北灌草植被物种多样性和生产力的影响

灌草植被在生态系统功能的维持中发挥着重要作用,不同的干扰方式可能改变退化土地灌草植被的多样性及其分布格局,甚至多样性与生产力的关系。以未受干扰的植被作为对照,研究放牧和火烧两种主要干扰对桂西北灌草植被的物种多样性和生产力的影响,并分析了两者之间的关系。结果表明:放牧和火烧处理均降低了灌木的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,但放牧处理的均匀度指数与对照相比无显著差异,火烧处理反而显著增加了其均匀度指数。对草本而言,放牧不影响物种丰富度指数,但显著降低了Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数;火烧显著降低了物种丰富度指数,但不影响Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数。与对照相比,放牧和火烧均降低了灌木的地上和地下部分生物量,但两者对草本的地上和地下生物量却产生了正面影响或无影响。此外,这两种干扰方式对灌木和草本多样性与生产力间关系的影响具有不一致性。     

宁波地区野生换锦花遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了解宁波地区野生换锦花的生存状况及对目前环境的适应能力,本研究采用ISSR分子标记对6个野生居群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行分析。结果表明,10条ISSR引物共扩增出74个条带,其中多态性条带67个,多态性位点百分比(PPL)为90.54%。宁波地区野生换锦花在物种水平上的遗传多样性较高,PPL为90.54%,Nei’s基因多样性(He)为0.2700,Shannon’s指数(Ho)为0.4144;但在居群水平上遗传多样性较低,PPL平均值为76.35%,He平均值为0.2517,Ho平均值为0.3800。基因分化系数(Gst)为0.0679,基因流(Nm)为6.8654。AMOVA分子变异分析结果表明,在总的遗传变异中,有95.85%的变异发生在居群内,仅有4.15%的变异发生在居群间。UPGMA聚类结果显示6个居群间的亲缘关系较近,其可分为两大类群,其中北仑、慈溪和象山3个居群组成一类;奉化、镇海和舟山3个居群组成一类。Mantel检验的结果表明,居群间的地理距离和遗传距离之间无显著相关性。本研究结果为宁波地区野生换锦花种质资源的保护及合理开发利用提供了理论依据。     

光伏电站建设对土壤和植被的影响

为了探究光伏电站建设对植被、土壤的影响,通过样地调查和试验分析对靖边县光伏电站内光伏板未遮阴(NS)、遮阴(S)及电站周边区域(SA)的土壤理化性质、植被种类、α物种多样性和地上生物量进行了分析比较。结果表明:相对于SA,光伏电站内(NS,S)土壤含水量、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、植物种类、物种Patrick丰富度指数、ShannonWiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数、地上生物量鲜重和干重均增加,土壤pH和电导率降低,S区域容重增加,NS降低;电站内相对于S区域,NS的土壤含水量、pH、电导率、养分、α物种多样性和地上生物量均增加,容重降低。综合来看,在干旱半干旱区域,光伏电站建设对土壤、植被生态系统的促进作用优于所带来的负面影响。     

Starving the soil of plant inputs for 50 years reduces abundance but not diversity of soil bacterial communities

If soil communities rely on plant-derived carbon, is biodiversity lost when this primary source is removed? Soil microbial and mesofaunal communities at the Rothamsted Highfield site were compared under a mixed grass sward, arable rotation and a section maintained as a bare-fallow for the past 50 years by regular tillage. Organic matter reserves have been degraded and microbial and mesofaunal numbers and mite diversity have declined in this unique bare-fallow site, where fresh carbon inputs have been drastically reduced. However, it supports a species-rich metabolically active bacterial community of similar diversity to that in soil maintained as grass sward. Thus in contrast to soil mesofauna, bacterial diversity (but not abundance) is apparently independent of plant inputs.     

来自海南等地的17个Bt分离株质粒多样性分析

本研究采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳对分离白海南岛的12个反菌株与分离自广西、黑龙江的5株＆菌株及2株胁模式菌株进行质粒数量、大小等特征分析。19个供试菌株可区分为16种独特的质粒电泳图谱,充分显示出不同来源肪菌株的质粒多样性。进一步选择了其中的10个菌株,利用包埋法制备琼脂块进行脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）,结果表明苏云金芽孢杆菌大质粒组成特征也具有丰富多样性。但是供试菌株的质粒电泳图谱并未体现与地理和生态特征相关联的特征差异。研究结果初步证实海南分离株S3078—1是一株无内生质粒的助菌株,而S3031-1和S3073—1两个分离株仅有一个大质粒存在,这三个分离株将为进一步研究质粒功能提供初始菌株。本研究进一步暗示将琼脂糖凝胶电泳和脉冲场凝胶电泳结合起来研究质粒特征提高了结果的可靠性。     

Landscape,Soil, and Plant Analysis of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Invasion in the Piedmont Region,SC

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), an exotic invasive plant, is native to Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Japanese stiltgrass as well as soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Japanese stiltgrass around Lake Issaqueena in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) were used to determine the spatial pattern of invasion with respect to the aspect, slope, canopy cover, soils, and distance to roads and trails. Japanese stiltgrass was distributed on both sides of Lake Issaqueena in Pacolet and Madison soil map units (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) on the average slopes of 21%, but it was particularly common on the eastern shore of the lake in low-lying wet and shaded areas (mean canopy cover 51%). In addition, invasion by Japanese stiltgrass was correlated with the proximity to roads and trails. Plant tissue analysis revealed many differences in the distribution of macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients in the leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese stiltgrass, although those differences were not always statistically significant. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were the highest in leaves while zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in stems and concentrations of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) tended to be higher in roots. Carbon (C), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) concentrations were generally higher in above-ground tissues versus roots. Soil chemical analysis revealed no statistical differences between control and invaded plots. Our findings suggest that watershed areas surrounding lakes may be particularly susceptible to the invasion of Japanese stiltgrass due to their microclimates, low-lying wet pathways for seed distribution and recreational uses.