Study on Genetic Fingerprinting Technique of Microbial Communities

The 99% of all microorganisms in naturecannot be isolated by standard culture methods without conspicuous external characters to classify them morphologically. In addition, classification based on physiological or biochemical features are often fuzzy. Molecular techniques are used for uncultured microorganisms to explore the diversity of microbial communities and novel resources without the need of cultivation. DNA dynamics and cloning of PCR products obtained from environmental DNA is now routinely used to identify microbial populations in microbial ecology. For practical reasons the approach is not suited to study the complex dynamics of microbial communities in environment. Genetic fingerprinting techniques are better tools, which give complement for the traditional microbiological methods. The methods are rapid and relatively easy to perform, and they allow the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples, which makes it possible to compare the genetic diversity of microbial communities from different habitats, or to study the behaviour of individual communities over time.     

叶用型沙棘育种研究--“蒙×中”沙棘F1代雄株变异特性与选优标准的研究

通过对蒙古沙棘亚种优良品种与中国沙棘亚种优良类型F1代雄株的变异特性分析,建立了选择优 良单株的标准,为叶用型沙棘选择育种提供了科学依据。     

Determination of vc and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates by multiplex PCR and their genetic diversity in 13 chestnut-growing provinces of Turkey

Vegetative compatibility (vc) and mating types and genetic diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates were determined using 183 isolates obtained from 215 infected chestnut trees growing in 13 provinces of Turkey. Based on the cultural aspects, 143 of these isolates were evaluated as virulent whereas the remaining 40 isolates were hypovirulent. When vc types of 183 isolates were classically differentiated, 135 of them matched to EU-1 (82.3%), 29 of them to EU-12 (17.6%) vc type, whereas 19 of them did not match to the two. When molecular vic markers were used, all the isolates were assigned to two EU vc types; 149 to EU-1 (81.4%) and 34 (18.5%) to EU-12. Of the majority of the isolates, 134 (73.2%) had mating-type MAT-1, while 44 (24%) isolates had MAT-2 and 5 (2.8%) isolates had both mating types. The population analysis based on two DNA marker systems, Inter-Primer Binding Site and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism, showed no intraspecific genetic variation among the C. parasitica isolates. The prevalence of two dominant vc types revealed by this study shows that biological control with hypovirulent EU-1 and EU-12 isolates will be significant for the country. The results might be helpful to chestnut breeders carrying out resistance breeding studies to manage this disease based on hypovirulence attributed to Cryphonectria hypovirus 1.     

湖北省国家珍稀濒危植物区系地理研究

经调查研究与统计，湖北省自然分布的国家珍稀濒危植物有５８种。论述了该地区国家珍稀濒危植物的属和种的区系地理分布特点，并提出了开发利用珍稀濒危植物资源的建议。     

Antimycotic Screening of 58 Malaysian Plants against Plant Pathogens

Ethanolic extracts of 58 Malaysian plants belonging to 24 different families were screened for antifungal activity against seven plant pathogens using the filter paper disc diffusion technique. Two varieties of Piper betle, showed strong activity against all the pathogens tested (Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium citrinum, Phomopsis caricae-papayae and Aspergillus niger), with inhibition diameters significantly (P<0·01) bigger than 2·5 mg ml⁻¹ prochloraz or 10 mg ml⁻¹ clotrimazole. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the ethanolic extracts of P. betle against these plant pathogens ranged between 0·01 mg ml⁻¹ and 1 mg ml⁻¹. Thirty-four other plants (Kucing gala, Limau batik, Bertholletia excelsa, Bixa orellana, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Cerbera odollam (fruits and leaves), Colocasia gigantea, Curcuma domestica, Curcuma manga, Derris eliptica, Elephantopus scaber, Eleusine indica, Eugenia polyantha, Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia tirucalli, Gardenia florida, Hedyotis auricularia, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Juniperus chinensis (three varieties), Lawsonia inermis, Lecythis ollaria, Mentha arvensis, Mimusops elengi, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus niruri, Piper nigrum, Piperomia pellucida, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Polygonum minus, Spondias dulcis, Solanum nigrum, Tinospora tuberculata) showed selective antifungal activity, while 21 species were inactive.     

基于表型和基因型的藜麦种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解和掌握青海省引进和收集藜麦种质资源的遗传背景和多样性,本研究选择11个表型性状和221对SSR引物对114份藜麦种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,114份藜麦种质资源的11个表型性状差异极显著（P＜0.01）,变异系数范围为4.57%~87.79%,主穗直径的变异最大（87.79%）,籽粒直径的变异最小（4.57%）;遗传多样性指数范围为0.47~2.29,单株产量的遗传多样性指数最大（2.29）,茎秆长最小（0.47）。46对多态性较好的SSR引物扩增出165条多态性条带,每对引物的平均等位变异数为3.59,观测等位基因（Na）平均值为1.65,有效等位基因（Ne）平均值为1.50,Shannon’s信息指数（I）和Nei’s基因多样性指数（He）平均值分别为0.39和0.27,平均多态性比率为64.35%。通过聚类分析发现,114份藜麦种质基于表型性状和SSR分子标记的聚类结果存在一定的相似和差异,来源地相同的种质被分到了不同的类群,来源地不同的种质被分到了同一类或单独聚成一类,说明参试藜麦种质资源的表型性状和分子遗传信息多样性较丰富。     

不同栽培类型蓝莓遗传多样性的SSR分析

以南方地区的蓝莓品种为主要对象,利用SSR标记分析现有品种种质的遗传多样性。设计合成了56对蓝莓SSR分子标记引物,进行扩增和多态性引物筛选,将多态性好的引物用于66份蓝莓不同类型种质的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,56对引物均能扩增出预期大小条带,其中条带清晰多态性较好的引物为25对,占比引物数的44.64%,多数引物扩增的位点数在5~7个之间。25对引物在66份蓝莓供试种质中检测多态性,共检测到165个等位变异,平均每个位点有6.6个等位变异,PIC值变幅为0.656~0.947,平均值为0.777。多态性最好的引物Vc26可以检测到15个等位基因数目。北方高丛、南方高丛和兔眼类型66份蓝莓种质的遗传相似系数位于0.60~0.96之间,品种间遗传差异较丰富。利用UPGMA聚类将3种类型种质进行分析,发现除了兔眼类型品种‘红粉佳人’外,其余明显分为3个类群,且同一类型的种质基本聚在一起。结合不同类型种质的系谱分析,发现分类与品种种质的遗传成分相似有一定的相关。研究利用SSR分子标记揭示了蓝莓不同类型种质的遗传多样性,对今后杂交育种亲本选择利用有一定借鉴意义。     

贵州野生枇杷资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

本文采用ISSR标记,构建了贵州39份野生枇杷种质的DNA指纹图谱,并对其遗传多样性进行了评价。结果表明,以筛选出的15条引物进行PCR扩增,获得清晰、重复性好的谱带125条,其中多态性谱带108条,多态性比例为86.4%;应用引物815、825和841的组合,构建了39份枇杷种质的ISSR指纹图谱,可以有效区分所有供试材料;15条引物的谱带数据聚类分析表明,供试种质的遗传相似性系数为0.40~0.98,在相似性系数为0.70时,可将供试种质分成五大类。聚类结果与种质表型相关,与地理分布的相关性不明显。     

贵州荞麦重要种质的遗传多样性分析及分子身份证构建

为精准鉴定贵州荞麦种质资源,采用SSR分子标记对60份荞麦种质进行遗传多样性分析,构建DNA分子身份证数据库。结果显示,从100对SSR引物中筛选出16对稳定性好、多态性丰富的引物,在60份供试种质中共扩增出174个多态性条带;Shannon’s信息指数、Nei’s多样性指数、多态信息指数均值分别为0.337、0.206、0.693,引物的多态性较好,能有效揭示60份荞麦种质的遗传多样性;在Dice遗传相似系数为0.374时,所有供试材料可聚为A、B、C 三组;当Dice遗传相似系数为0.484时,将苦荞组（A组）更细分为A1、A2两个小组。采用毛细管电泳及8%的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶（PAGE）电泳对SSR标记扩增产物进行双验证,2种方法的聚类结果一致。结果表明,本研究开发的高效性SSR分子标记能够有效地鉴定贵州荞麦重要种质的遗传多样性且用于构建分子身份证。     

基于形态性状和SSR标记的克氏原螯虾养殖群体遗传多样性分析

为客观评估广西南宁周边地区克氏原螯虾养殖群体的遗传多样性,采集来自南宁的3个克氏原螯虾群体——埃及群体（AJ）、良庆群体（LQ）和上林群体（SL）,以及湖北荆州（JZ）和江西湖口（HK）的群体各1个,采用形态学结合微卫星分子标记的方法分析其遗传多样性水平。形态分析结果显示,雌性群体的综合判别准确率为68.59%,雄性群体的综合判别准确率为73.60%;3个南宁群体（AJ,LQ,SL）与JZ群体聚为一类,3个南宁群体间具有较高的形态相似度。微卫星分析结果显示,AJ群体和LQ群体的遗传多样性最高,SL群体和HK群体次之;LQ群体与SL群体的遗传分化系数和遗传距离最小。结果表明广西南宁克氏原螯虾群体具有较高的遗传多样性,从国外引种或国内不同地理来源群体的杂交可能是提高克氏原螯虾群体遗传多样性的重要途径。