Epidemiology theory and disturbance spread on landscapes

Abtract Epidemiology models, modified to include landscape pattern, are used to examine the relative importance of landscape geometry and disturbance dynamics in determining the spatial extent of a disturbance, such as a fire. The models indicate that, except for very small values for the probability of spread, a disturbance tends to propagate to all susceptible sites that can be reached. Therefore, spatial pattern, rather than disturbance dynamic, will ordinarily determine the total extent of a single disturbance event. The models also indicate that a single disturbance will seldom become endemic,i.e., always present on the landscape. However, increasing disturbance frequency can lead to a landscape in which the proportion of susceptible, disturbed, and recovering sites are relatively constant. Research supported by Ecological Research Division, Office of Health and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Contribution No. 10 to the Sevilleta LTER program. Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 3812, ORNL.     

高纬寒地马齿苋人工栽培技术初探

从马齿苋的特征特性、类型及品种、人工栽培方式和季节、繁殖方式、栽培要点、采收、干制、病虫害防治等8个方面,详尽阐述了在高纬度寒冷地区马齿苋的栽培方式和栽培条件及马齿苋的发展前景。     

城市园林可持续发展分析

城市园林要持续发展是协调经济与环境关系的关键，在分析城市林可持续发展发展的特点及存在问题基础上，作者提出了以经济效益为基础，实现经济，生态和社会效益完善结合的指导思想和实现城市园林可持续发展的对策。     

基于贝叶斯网络的中医辨证系统

将贝叶斯网络运用于中医辨证系统的研究,以更加量化中医辨证诊断系统.通过将中医体系中的916个证候,51项证素及其构成的1700条证名构成中医辨证贝叶斯网络的节点集,初步建立起中医辨证数据库并通过网络学习,形成中医辨证贝叶斯网络结构及概率表.利用建立的贝叶斯网络中医辨证系统,进行数据计量分析、推理验证证候—证素—证名间的关系,其结果与中医专家经验有很高的吻合性,尽管其仍未能全面反映中医辨证的思维能力.所以贝叶斯网络是对中医辨证进行信息挖掘处理的一种较好方法,可应用于中医人工智能辨证系统的建立.     

祁连地区雏蝗属蝗蝻空间分布型及最适抽样数的研究

应用三种检验分布型方法分别检验了雏蝗属蝗蝻空间分布型 ,结果表明 :雏蝗属蝗蝻在草地上空间分布型多为聚集分布 ,并估计了调查时的最适抽样数     

Efficiency of bunch-planted and single-planted seedlings for selecting superior families in sugarcane

Summary The efficiency of family selection in bunch-planted sugareane seedlings was investigated by planting 40 families (20 proven and 20 experimental) as bunches and as single seedlings in adjoining replicated trials. A replicated trial planted the following year. using stem cuttings from random seedlings of each family. provided an independant estimate of the value of each family.Five methods were used to compare bunch and single planting, namely theoretical and realized gains from selection, correlations between the seedling and evaluation trials, discrimination based on proven cross classes, and discrimination based on production of advanced selections. Overall, bunch planting was inferior to single planting for family selection. It was promising for only one method of evaluation (proven cross classes) but this, combined with the relatively small area required for bunch-planted seedlings, indicates that family selection may be possible in such plantings. The use of a number of methods of evaluation showed that incorrect conclusions were likely if only one method were used, and revealed deficiencies in methods which would otherwise be considered satisfactory. The project provided a basis for the design of more critical experiments.The components of weight of cane, namely number of stalks and weight per stalk, are negatively correlated, and showed different relationships with yield in the seedling and evaluation trials. Weight per stalk was an important component in seedling trials, with number of stalks by far the main component in the evaluation trial which was planted by the commerical method using stem cuttings.Family selection based on number of stalks and sugar content, preceding mass selection, is likely to provide a better selection system than the usual mass selection in bunch-planted seedlings.Families do not express their full genetic potential in original seedlings. whether bunch or single planted: trials planted from stem cuttings give more effective family selection. Furthermore, family selection for the most important characters (net merit grade and weight of sugar) was much more effective in ratoon than in plant crops. These results have important implications for the practical selection program, further experimental work being necessary to specify the most efficient system.     

种植方式对“早晚兼用”双季稻生长发育特性及产量的影响

为了探讨不同种植方式对双季稻生长发育特性及产量的影响,2013—2014年以常规早稻‘中嘉早17’、杂交早稻‘陵两优104’为材料(早晚兼用),在大田栽培条件下进行了双季稻直播、手插秧、点抛秧(丢秧)和机插秧的种植方式比较试验。结果表明早稻2个品种均以机插秧方式产量最高,平均为9.17 t/hm2(8.28~10.10 t/hm2),晚稻2013年以机插秧和手插方式产量最高(8.78~8.79 t/hm2),2014年以直播和机插秧方式产量最高,分别为(8.05~8.20 t/hm2)和(7.79~8.03 t/hm2)。在播、插期相同条件下,早稻直播与手插秧、点抛秧、机插秧的全生育期差异不大,晚稻直播推迟播种13~15天,全生育期缩短了5~8天。手插秧、点抛秧分蘖消长呈早发稳升缓降型,机插秧呈缓发速升缓降型,直播呈速发速升速降型。不同种植方式抽穗期、成熟期的干物质积累存在年间差异,其中2013年以点抛秧最高,直播、机插秧次之,2014年以机插秧最高,手插秧、点抛秧次之。由此可见,采用早晚兼用的品种搭配方式和机插秧栽培,有利于双季稻产量形成及其构成因子间的协调,同时缓解双季稻机插秧的季节矛盾。     

冀鲁豫夏玉米区玉米杂交种群体生育型演变──Ⅰ．演化阶段与演进基本途径

在实验基础上,从群体生育型演变进化角度分析了冀鲁豫夏玉米区六十年代初至九十年代初三十年间玉米杂交种种性提高的自然现象,明确了玉米杂交种群体生育型以产量行为与抗斑一倒行为的持续改良为基本途径演进。极端杂交种株粒重提高了４８．４％,叶斑指数与倒折率分别下降了４．３与１．２个百分点。演进过程界定为四个演化阶段：Ⅰ．六十年代,以新单１、白单４为代表;Ⅱ．七十年代前期,以群单１０５、丹玉６为代表;Ⅲ．七十年代后期至八十年代初,以郑单２、博单１为代表;Ⅳ．八十年代前期至九十年代初,以烟单１４和掖单２为代表。玉米杂交种群体生育型演变进化遵循“多元动态代谢结群,系统吐纳循序渐进”的生物进化规律。     

棉花蕾铃受害后的损害函数及补偿效应数学模型研究

试验采用五因素五水平二次正交旋转回归组合设计，建立了以皮棉产量、子棉产量、单株成铃及单株产量的目标函数，考虑种植密度、追氮量、果枝数、模拟被害蕾和被害幼铃五决策变量的数学模型。模型信息表明：低密度或高果枝数条件下棉花补偿能力衰减；受害铃达３个·株－１以上时，增加追氮量（大于１８０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２）将会伤失棉花群体的补偿能力；被害蕾量的增加在一定范围内有增产作用；被害幼铃的多寡对产量的影响较大。模拟计算表明：百株允许被害蕾６０８～６４２个和允许被害幼铃１９６～２１４个，采取６．６９～６．７９５万株·ｈｍ－２的密度、留果枝数１４．７～１５．０２个·株－１和追氮量１５４．５～１６６．５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２的农艺措施，可望获得皮棉１３５０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２以上。最后提供了不同农艺措施下棉花的损害函数。     

Studies on the inheritance of five qualitative characteristics in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub)

Summary The inheritance of five characteristics namely branching behaviour, clustering pattern, growth habit, leaf size and hairiness was studied in clusterbean. All the traits were controlled by single pairs of genes except branching behaviour which exhibited digenic inheritance. Complementary gene effects were involved in the expression of branching in the F₁ and F₂ generations; the F₂ showing a ratio of 9:7 for branched to unbranched genotypes in the cross FS 277 × NC 70 where both the parents were single shooted. The alleles governing branching, discontinuous clustering, indeterminate growth habit, small leaf size and hairiness were dominant over the alleles controlling non-branching, continuous clustering, determinate growth habit, broad leaf and glabrous leaf and stem.