檀香实生苗繁育与伴生植物配置关键技术试验

以檀香种子为材料,研究了不同浓度赤霉素、播种基质以及伴生树种对幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:采用1 000 mg/L赤霉素处理种子24h可促进种子发芽,发芽率达85%以上;以砂壤土+竹炭粉为播种基质出苗率最高;利用抛荒龙眼地并以龙眼树作为檀香成林期伴生植物对檀香生长具有促进作用,栽培12个月时测定,檀香树高、地径分别达172.3cm和2.48cm,为抛荒龙眼地重新利用提供新的思路。     

蚯蚓与黑麦草相互作用对土壤中荧蒽去除的影响

Earthworms can promote the bioremediation of contaminated soils through enhancing plant growth and microorganism development. The individual and combined effects of earthworms and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on the removal of fluoranthene from a sandy-loam alluvial soil were investigated in a 70-d microcosm experiment. The experiment was set up in a complete factorial design with treatments in four replicates: without earthworms or ryegrass (control, CK), with earthworms only (E), with ryegrass only (P), and with both earthworms and ryegrass (EP). The residual fluoranthene, microbial biomass C, and polyphenol oxidase activity in the soil changed significantly (P<0.01) with time. In general, the residual concentration of fluoranthene in the soil decreased sharply from 71.8-88.7 to 31.7-37.4 mg kg 1 in 14 d, and then decreased gradually to 19.7-30.5 mg kg 1 on the 70th d. The fluoranthene concentration left in the soil was the least with both earthworms and ryegrass, compared to the other treatments at the end of the experiment. Half-life times of fluoranthene in the E, P, and EP treatments were 17.8%-36.3% smaller than that of CK. More fluoranthene was absorbed by earthworms than ryegrass. However, the total amounts of fluoranthene accumulated in both the ryegrass and earthworms were small, only accounting for 0.01%-1.20% of the lost fluoranthene. Therefore, we assumed that microbial degradation would play a dominant functional role in fluoranthene removal from soil. We found that earthworms significantly increased microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity (P<0.01) in the presence of ryegrass at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity were significantly (P<0.05) and negatively related to the residual fluoranthene concentration. This implied that earthworms might promote the removal of fluoranthene from soil via stimulating microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity.     

中国农业航空植保产业技术创新发展战略

农业航空是现代农业的重要组成部分和反映农业现代化水平的重要标志之一。该文在分析中国农业现代化建设中对航空植保技术的需求及国内外航空植保发展现状的基础上,对中国航空植保产业体系进行了深入剖析。指出了制约中国农业航空植保产业发展的主要问题,包括现有农业航空政策法规体系不完善、配套核心科学技术研究不足、专业队伍人才匮乏、社会化服务体系不健全、与农业航空相适应的农田作业环境基础建设被忽略、制度上缺少支持农业航空发展的公益性安排等。并从提高航空植保作业适应性的多机型多作业方式、加大资金投入增强配套核心科学技术的攻关、以及出台有针对性的政策加强管理和规范等方面提出了大力推进中国农业航空植保产业快速健康发展的战略及对策建议。最后对未来3个五年计划内中国对航空植保技术的需求情况进行了预测。分析预测表明,中国农业航空产业是一个尚未真正启动的大产业,未来中国农业航空市场的需求将会有爆发性增长,拉动新增机型投入将达到465亿元以上。随着相关制度及配套核心技术的不断完善,中国农业航空产业必将得到健康、有序和高速发展,有利于实现农业病虫害统防统治,实现精准作业,极大地提速中国现代农业的进程。     

根表功能细菌生物膜及其在土壤有机污染控制与修复中的潜在应用价值

土壤中的有机污染物可从根系进入植物体内,并可进一步通过食物链富集,从而威胁人群健康。植物根际微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,其中很多根际细菌可通过成膜作用在植物根表形成细菌生物膜,协助植物抵抗外界的不良环境或促进植物生长。有机污染物在被植物根系吸收的过程中,多需经过根表细菌生物膜这一特殊界面。综述了根际细菌在植物根表的成膜作用,以及根表功能细菌生物膜对污染物根际环境过程的影响及作用机理,分析了利用根表功能细菌生物膜调控植物吸收有机污染物的可行性,试图为防治土壤有机污染、降低作物污染风险、保障农产品安全等提供理论依据。     

Nitrogen effects on cantaloupes

Abstract

The NO₃ levels in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) petioles relate closely to N treatment and reflect the N status of the cantaloupe plant. Suggested levels of petiole NO₃ in cantaloupes grown in Arizona are presented. Nitrogen treatment had little effect on melon size, earliness, or most storage quality factors that were evaluated except that deficiencies resulted in lower netting, poor general appearance and an increase in cull melons.     

Influence of total soluble salt concentration on growth and elemental concentration of winged bean seedlings,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.

Abstract

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) (L.) DC) seedlings of the accession TPT‐1, were grown in a greenhouse with graded, balanced total soluble salt (TSS) concentrations. After 4.5 days, plant height increased quadratically, with a maximum (149 cm) at 3000 ppm TSS. Seedlings were shortest at 1000 and 10,000 ppm TSS, 44.0 and 79.0 cm, respectively. Fresh weight of shoots increased quadratically with greatest weight, 29.03 g, at 5000 ppm TSS. Percent dry matter increased linearly with increasing TSS. Concentration of N, K and P increased quadratically with an increase in the TSS concentration in the growth medium. Concentration of Ca decreased quadratically with increasing TSS. Among the micronutrients, Fe and Mo concentration was quadratic, both elements were highest in the seedlings at 1000 and 10,000 ppm TSS rates. Concentrations of Mn and Zn increased linearly with increasing TSS. Winged bean seedlings at the 1000 to 3000 ppm TSS rates had spindly stems and a sparse, yellow foliage, typical for winged bean seedlings observed in the field during the first 4 to 5 weeks of growth. Seedlings at the 4000 and 5000 ppm TSS rates had sturdy stems and an abundant green foliage. At higher TSS concentrations, 5000 to 10,000 ppm TSS, seedlings had short intermodes and dark green foliage.     

休牧对草原生态系统影响研究进展

对退化草地进行合理休牧已成为当前退化草地生态恢复与重建的有效措施之一。退化草地通过实施休牧措施,对草地地上植被和凋落物及对地下植物根系和土壤等方面产生直接的影响。从植物群落特征变化看,群落高度、密度、盖度随休牧时期的延长主要有3种变化趋势:增加;先增加后降低;先显著降低后显著升高、再显著降低。从群落生物量看,休牧可显著提高草地生产力,地上生物量随季节的变化呈"S"型增长曲线,凋落物量呈"W"型动态变化,对植物地下生物量的增加有促进作用。随着休牧年限增加,禾本科、豆科植物等优良牧草显著增加,菊科植物、杂类草、藜科、有毒有害植物在草群中的比重有所下降。休牧对土壤的恢复效果明显,土壤表层粘粒和粉粒比例总体呈上升趋势,容重随休牧年限的延长先降低后升高,含水量增加,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及速效氮、磷、钾含量均有所提高;土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、脱氢酶、蛋白酶活性均有不同程度的增加,氧化酶-多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性则降低;微生物量提高;草原土壤种子库植物种类和数量增加;从休牧对草地碳储量影响来看,休牧使土壤有机碳含量有明显的增加。但休牧时间过长,也不利于植被的正常发育和更新。为了能够更好地为制定科学的草原休牧策略服务,建议今后应加强休牧对退化草地植物多样性和生产力的影响,休牧对退化草地土壤种子库影响,不同类型、不同退化程度以及不同利用方式草地合理休牧季节、休牧期长短和休牧年限的研究。     

基于高光谱的冬油菜植株氮素积累量监测模型

为无损和定量研究高光谱技术在冬油菜植株氮素积累量(PNA,plant nitrogen accumulation)时空变化监测的适宜性及准确性,该文以两年田间氮肥水平试验为基础,采用单变量线性和非线性回归方法,建立基于特征光谱参数的冬油菜P NA高光谱估算模型。结果表明,采用比值光谱的方法可显著提高冬油菜冠层光谱反射率与PNA间的相关性,其最佳的波段组合为1 259 nm与492 nm处光谱反射率比值(R1259/R492),决定系数R2为0.85。高光谱参数间,以比值植被指数(RVI-5)、归一化光谱指数(NDSI)、线性内插法红边位置(REIP)、三角植被指数(TVI)、742 nm处一阶微分光谱值(FD742)和红边面积(SDR)等光谱参数与PNA相关性较好(平均R2和标准误SE分别为0.69和42.70),且以FD742表现最优(R2=0.79,SE=35.66)。精度分析结果显示,以光谱参数R1259/R492和FD742为自变量的指数方程模型作为高光谱监测油菜PNA的最佳模型,各生育期Noise Equivalent(NE)均较低且表现稳定,同时模型估测精度较高,R2分别为0.98和0.98,相对均方根误差RRMSE分别为0.73和0.72,相对误差MRE分别为14.42%和10.31%。该方法为快捷和精确评估冬油菜PNA提供了新的研究思路。     

协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

高速气流条件下标准扇形喷头和空气诱导喷头雾化特性

标准扇形喷头与空气诱导喷头均为地面喷雾常用喷头,其在低速条件下的雾化特性已有较多研究,而在高速气流下的雾化特性尚不清楚。为了探究对比2种喷头在高速气流条件下的雾化特性,以及其用作航空喷头的可能性,基于北京农业智能装备技术研究中心自行设计制造的IEA-I型高速风洞,采用马尔文Spraytec喷雾粒度仪对德国Lechler公司生产的LU-120-03标准扇形压力喷头和IDK-120-03空气诱导喷头进行了测试。试验结果表明,两种类型喷头在距离出口0.15 m时,雾滴并未完全雾化。而在距离出口0.35 m时雾滴均已充分雾化。其中LU-120-03扇形压力喷头雾滴体积中径随风速增大从210μm逐渐减小至130μm,在管道压力达0.4 MPa以上时,其雾滴粒径分布跨度随风速增大逐渐从1.3增至1.5。而IDK-120-03空气诱导喷头产生的雾滴粒径相对较大,在风速为120 km/h时,达420~450μm,但其随着风速进一步增加快速减小,在风速达305 km/h时,其产生的雾滴体积中径降低到150μm。试验还发现管道压力变化对LU-120-03扇形压力喷头产生雾滴体积中径影响较大,而对IDK-120-03空气诱导喷头产生的雾滴体积中径影响较小。该研究可为固定翼有人机航空施药方案,如喷头选型、压力选择、作业速度选择等提供试验数据指导。