苜蓿高效再生体系研究进展

作为牧草生物技术的一个重要组成部分,苜蓿Medicago sativa组织培养工作在国内外得到了大量开展.从苜蓿组织培养中外植体和培养基的选择、细胞生长调节物质的应用以及基因型的选择4个方面阐述了苜蓿高效再生体系研究现状,并对目前研究中存在的问题进行了归纳,提出了苜蓿再生体系研究的发展趋势.     

象草幼穗离体培养植株再生研究

以象草幼穗为外植体材料、改良的MS为基本培养基,研究了不同外源激素组合对不同发育时期幼穗愈伤组织诱导和植株再生能力的影响.结果表明,象草幼穗离体培养最适长度为2～5 cm;愈伤组织诱导培养基中添加4.0 mg/L 2,4-D 0.05 mg/L KT和4.0 mg/L 2,4-D 0.10 mg/L KT时,颗粒状愈伤组织诱导率分别为79.0%和72.6%;转入添加3.0 mg/L 2,4-D 0.2 mg/L 6-BA的继代培养基,分别有40.9%和74.0%的愈伤组织保持颗粒状结构;在添加2.0 mg/L CPPU 0.01 mg/L NAA和0.50 mg/L KT 0.5 mg/L IAA的分化培养基上,经过继代培养后的颗粒状愈伤组织的成苗率分别为36.4%和38.5%,总成苗率达50.2%和43.9%.3片叶大小的幼苗转入附加NAA 0.50 mg/L的1/2 MS壮根培养基,试管苗移栽成活率达95%以上.在继代培养过程中逐代选择外表呈白色、干燥、紧密、颗粒状的愈伤组织,是提高其植株再生能力的有效方法.     

A Hierarchical Perspective to Woody Plant Encroachment for Conservation of Prairie-Chickens

Encroachment of Great Plains grasslands by fire-sensitive woody plants is a large-scale, regional process that fragments grassland landscapes. Using prairie grouse (Tympanuchus spp.) of conservation concern, we apply hierarchy theory to demonstrate how regional processes constrain lower-level processes and reduce the success of local management. For example, fire and grazing management may be locally important to conservation, but the application of fire and grazing disturbances rarely cause irreversible fragmentation of grasslands in the Great Plains. These disturbance processes cause short-term alterations in vegetation conditions that can be positive or negative, but from a long-term perspective fire maintains large tracts of continuous rangelands by limiting woody plant encroachment. Conservation efforts for prairie grouse should be focused on landscape processes that contribute to landscape fragmentation, such as increased dominance of trees or conversion to other land uses. In fact, reliance on local management (e.g., maintaining vegetation structure) to alter prairie grouse vital rates is less important to grouse population persistence given contemporary landscape level changes. Changing grass height, litter depth, or increasing the cover of forbs may impact a few remaining prairie-chickens, but it will not create useable space at a scale relevant to the historic conditions that existed before land conversion and fire suppression.     

野生植物扁蓄的坪用价值研究

对3种野生草本植物进行了坪用栽培,详细观察研究了3种植物的物候期表现、生长习性和绿化效果。试验表明:扁蓄极耐严寒,对干旱、水涝、高温等逆境适应性强,抗污染能力强,保持绿色时间长,发挥绿化功能快,不择土壤,种植管理方便,可作为园林草坪绿化的优良地被植物。     

Serum enzyme status of Chios ewes fed increasing amounts of copper from copper sulfate

This study aimed to evaluate effects of orally administered copper (Cu) to Chios sheep breed on serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), l-alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate deydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in order to establish a practical and effective method in diagnosing the prehemolytic stage of chronic Cu poisoning. Eighteen ewes were allocated to three treatments of six ewes and fed a diet that contained 16.4 mg/day of Cu. Ewes in treatment Cu-0 received no additional Cu (control), while those in treatments Cu-60 and Cu-95 received 60 and 95 mg additional Cu/day, respectively, as an oral solution of copper sulfate. Therefore the ewes in treatment Cu-0, Cu-60 and Cu-95 consumed 16.4, 76.4 and 111.4 mg Cu/day, respectively. Serum enzyme levels were similar among treatments and all ewes remained clinically healthy until the end of the experiment. Results suggest that Chios ewes exhibit tolerance to Cu supplementation for up to 6 weeks.     

3周龄断奶仔猪胰酶发育规律的研究

以 3周龄断奶仔猪为试验材料 ,研究了断奶对仔猪胰酶活性的影响。试验表明 ,3周龄断奶可以显著降低仔猪胰脏中胰淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、胰糜蛋白酶和胰脂肪酶的活性 ,且在断奶后 2周继续维持断奶时水平。断奶降低了小肠内容物中胰淀粉酶和胰脂肪酶的活性 ,但空肠和回肠胰蛋白酶、胰糜蛋白酶的活性在断奶后并未下降。     

Yield and morphological responses of a forage sorghum to mefluidide

Abstract

Due to rapid growth, stem build‐up in forage sorghum crops often leads to considerable wastage by animals and consequent loss of production. In this study the potential of the chemical plant growth regulator, mefluidide, for modifying the morphology of forage sorghum was examined. Mefluidide was applied to two consecutive plantings of forage sorghum at 0; 0,14 and 0,28 kg/ha. Treatment with mefluidide suppressed stem elongation of sorghum plants and stimulated tillering 4–6 weeks after application. After 6 weeks the stem:leaf ratio of treated plants was significantly lower (P ≤0,05) than that of control plants. On average, total dry matter (DM) yield was marginally higher for the control, but DM yield of leaf material was significantly higher. (P ≤0,05) for treated plots from 6 weeks after mefluidide application. No significant differences were observed between levels of mefluidide but responses of different variables over time differed between plantings. This was associated with different stages of plant growth when mefluidide was applied and different environmental conditions for two plantings.     

西北地区8种耐旱植物营养成分在秦川肉牛瘤胃的降解情况

本试验采集了西北地区8种耐旱植物(柠条、油蒿、桑叶、苦马豆、千屈菜、香豆子、元宝枫叶、无芒雀麦),选用4头体重相近的秦川牛肉用新品系瘤胃瘘管公牛进行试验,探究8种植物干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性。结果：常规营养成分：CP含量从小到大依次为无芒雀麦、千屈菜、油蒿、元宝枫叶、柠条、香豆子、桑叶、苦马豆(P<0.05);元宝枫叶与油蒿NDF、 ADF含量相近(P>0.05),其他植物均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。瘤胃降解特性：桑叶与苦马豆的DM降解效果显著高于其他6种植物(P<0.05),无芒雀麦48 h的 DM降解率仅29.56%,显著低于其他植物(P<0.05),油蒿、千屈菜、元宝枫叶48 h时DM降解情况差异不显著(P>0.05);CP的ED值从小到大依次为无芒雀麦、元宝枫叶、千屈菜、油蒿、柠条、香豆子、桑叶、苦马豆(P<0.05);NDF的ED值从小到大依次为无芒雀麦、元宝枫叶、油蒿、千屈菜、柠条、香豆子、苦马豆、桑叶(P<0.05),ADF的ED值从小到大依次为无芒雀麦、元宝枫叶、油蒿、千屈菜、苦马豆、香豆子、柠条、桑叶,其中柠条、苦马豆、香豆子和油蒿、元宝枫叶差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

复种饲料油菜对麦茬耕层土壤酶活性的影响

采用大田试验方法,研究了不同种植密度与施氮量条件下,复种饲料油菜对麦茬耕层(0~15 cm)土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,麦收后复种饲料油菜能显著或极显著地提高土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(APHA)、纤维素酶(CEL)和脲酶(URA)的活性,与休闲熟化地(CK)比较,最大提高幅度分别为32.15%,35.61%,78.66%和127.36%。土壤酶活性的变化与复种饲料油菜的播种量和施氮量有关,随播种量的增加土壤CAT、CEL和URA活性表现为逐渐递增态势,而土壤APHA表现为先增后减,播种量为11.5 kg/hm2时,APHA活性可达0.7888mg/g。在油菜生长的苗期,土壤APHA、CEL和URA随施氮量的增加而增加,土壤CAT则随施氮量的增加先增后降,呈单峰曲线;在生长后期(收获期),低氮量有利于土壤APHA活性的增加,中氮量有利于土壤CAT和CEL活性的增加,高氮量有利于URA活性的增加。     

早开堇菜组织培养及植株再生体系的建立

以野生早开堇菜为材料,研究了不同外植体类型(子叶节、叶片、叶柄)和不同激素配比对其不定芽诱导、愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响,成功建立了早开堇菜组织培养植株再生体系。结果表明,1) 诱导子叶节和叶柄不定芽诱导的最适培养基为 MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA,叶片不适合作为直接诱导不定芽的外植体。2) 3种外植体均能诱导愈伤组织,子叶节愈伤组织诱导的时间最短,其次为叶柄,叶片最晚。子叶节和叶柄愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D,诱导率分别为98.3%和96.7%;叶片愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+0.05 mg/L NAA,诱导率可达88.3%。3) 最适愈伤组织分化培养基为:MS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA,分化率为100%。4)不定芽增殖的最佳培养基为:MS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.075 mg/L NAA,增殖率为4.68。 5)再生苗移植到添加1.0 mg/L 6-BA的1/2 MS培养基上,生根率92.3%。6)组培苗移栽到珍珠岩∶河沙∶腐殖质(1∶2∶2)的混合基质时,100%成活,且植株长势好。