基于植物能量功能群的草原植物光合作用研究

植物能量功能群是依植物能量属性进行的植物功能类群划分,植物通过光合作用将光能转变成化学能,蓄积在植物体内,为了探究不同的能量功能群是否会表现出光合作用特征的差异,用LI-6400型便携式全自动光合测定仪,在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原区,于7月底至8月初的植物生长旺盛期,测量了羊草(Leymus chinensis)、糙隐子...     

牛基因组DNA两种提取方法的比较研究

研究哺乳动物基因组DNA的水煮抽提法，并将传统的酚仿抽提法和水煮法进行比较，水煮法即通过对细胞的煮沸和冷却，使细胞破裂、蛋白变性，从而获得用于PCR扩增的模板DNA的方法。通过电泳分析和PCR扩增检测了所提取基因组DNA的完整性、可行性。检测时采用3对引物对2种方法提取的DNA进行了PCR扩增，同时对冷冻保存的基因组DNA也进行了扩增检测。结果表明：水煮法提取基因组DNA是一种快速、简便、经济、高效的方法。     

加拿大披碱草-野大麦三倍体杂种加倍植株同工酶分析

分析了加拿大披碱草-野大麦三倍体属间杂种F₁加倍植株的同工酶酶谱特征。结果显示:同一生育阶段杂种自然加倍植株与加倍F₁代植株在EST、POD和SOD酶带的数目、位点及强弱方面具有一致性和遗传稳定性,而与杂种F₁代及亲本的酶带表型差异显著,从酶蛋白分子水平证明该杂种F₁染色体加倍是真实的;加倍植株抽穗期旗叶的EST、POD酶谱中分别呈现9和4条酶带,分蘖期幼叶的EST、POD、SOD酶谱内分别呈现8、4和4条酶带,有多态性位点的特征酶带可作为杂种加倍后代育性恢复鉴定的遗传标记的候选位点;对供试材料不同生育阶段做同工酶酶谱对比分析,比单一生育阶段更能反映其酶带表型的遗传差异性,提高同工酶电泳技术鉴定结果的准确性。     

转录组测序在林草植物抗逆性研究中的应用

生物和非生物胁迫对农作物产量和生态环境造成极大的威胁,林草植物对外界环境具有较强的适应能力,因此挖掘林草植物抗逆基因,分析其抗逆机制已经成为当下的研究趋势。随着科学技术的发展,利用生物测序技术研究植物抗逆的分子机制已成为当今植物逆境生理和分子生物学研究的一个重大课题,其中转录组测序(RNA-seq)研究是揭示植物抗逆机理以及筛选抗逆基因的主要研究技术。以Roche/454、Illumina/Solexa和ABI/SOLID为代表的二代测序技术(NGS)发展迅速,相较于传统测序手段具有成本低、测序时间短、高通量等优点,已被广泛应用于全基因组、RNA-seq和miRNA测序等研究。因此,RNA-seq技术可加快林草植物抗逆机制的研究和抗逆基因资源的挖掘,从而为农作物、优良林草植物抗逆性遗传改良和新品种培育奠定基础。本研究详细介绍了近年来NGS技术在林草植物应对病虫害、高温、冷害、盐、干旱以及土地贫瘠等方面的转录组学的研究进展,最后针对转录组测序的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

水生植物在园林景观的技术应用

水生植物具有观赏价值高、经济成本低、适用范围广等特点,对水体具有修复、净化的作用,是维持水环境的重要因素.该文通过对水生植物的使用现状、资源功能以及栽培技术措施等研究,应用于园林景观的建设,解决园林水中植物景观的需求,对现有的水生植物相关的注意事项进行梳理,为水生植物的长远发展提供理论依据.     

细叶旱芹地上部化感物质粗分离物对4种草坪草及5种牧草的化感作用

采用滤纸培养皿法,以发芽率、发芽势、根长和苗长为指标,研究细叶旱芹(Cyclospermum leptophyllum(Pers.) Sprague ex Britton et P. Wilson)地上部化感物质对4种草坪草和5种牧草受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,细叶旱芹地上部化感物质对4种草坪草和5种牧草的种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用,其中对种子发芽势抑制最明显,抑制率最高达96.3%;其次是对幼苗根长的抑制作用,抑制率最高达91.1%。通过比较种子萌发和幼苗生长的测定指标,得出5种馏分对草坪草的化感作用为石油醚相>氯仿相>正丁醇相>乙酸乙酯相>水相,而对牧草的化感作用为石油醚相>乙酸乙酯相>氯仿相>正丁醇相>水相。说明不同受体植物对相同萃取相组分的化感作用强弱存在差异,细叶旱芹地上部化感物质主要存在于石油醚馏分中,可进一步从中分离提取活性物质。     

DNA指纹技术在近交系小鼠遗传检测中的应用研究

采用生物素标记的(GGAT)4寡核苷酸探针对C57BL/6J、BALB/c和DBA/2三种近交系小鼠进行了DNA指纹图分析.结果表明:(GGAT)4寡核苷酸探针对上述3种近交系小鼠产生的DNA指纹图的图带数均为10-12条,具有良好的多态性,品系内平均DNA指纹图的相似系数在0.92~1.00的范围内,具有相同指纹图的概率均在0.40以上,极显著地高于品系间的相似系数(0.21~0.39)和相同指纹图的概率(P<3.10×10-7),说明(GGAT)4寡核苷酸探针可用于制作近交系小鼠的DNA指纹图,以对其进行遗传检测.     

Evaluation of cultivation methods and sustainable agricultural practices for improving shallot bulb production – a review

Abstract

Shallot is an economically important nutritive bulb vegetable and medicinal plant from Alliaceae family. Distributed in limited regions worldwide, in most cases, shallots widely grow in very cold to moderate cold temperate climates at high elevations required to induce bolting and overcome their bulbs and true seeds dormant period. Shallot responses to agricultural management and environmental conditions vary among different species and genotypes and, thus, selection of the elite genotypes is a prerequisite for obtaining desired yield and quality of bulbs and true seeds. Plant material (seed or bulb), plant selection, as well as cultivation and agricultural practices (importantly fertilization, spacing, planting date, and irrigation in greenhouse or farmland) critically affect productivity, phytonutrient value, and economic profit of the shallot produces. The knowledge of using biofertilizers and mulching techniques on shallots are currently evolving, but the information on the efficiency of nanobiofertilizers and eco-friendly and biodegradable mulching materials on shallots farming are still lacking. With the emphasis on sustainable agricultural systems, the efficiency of combined organic and inorganic fertilization is discussed and the potential biofertilizer agents are recommended. This review highlights the importance of using the integrated fertilization (organic and inorganic methods combined with biofertilizers) and irrigation methods (such as two-line spray hose irrigation combined with mulching), and the practices with the highest potential to further improve shallot farming are suggested. The information on shallots breeding is still lacking and requires extensive researches in the future.     

广西十万大山自然保护区外来入侵植物研究

十万大山属北热带山地,有着丰富的生物多样性,但目前已遭到外来种植物入侵。通过实地调查和查证文献资料,初步确定十万大山自然保护区内外来入侵植物有23种,隶属于12科21属,其中菊科种类最多,6种,占入侵植物总数的26.1%;其次为苋科,3种,占入侵植物的13.0%。从来源看,23种入侵植物中,有21种来自热带美洲,占入侵植物种的91.3%。23种入侵植物均为r-选择对策种,其中有草本20种,占入侵植物种类总数的87.0%。23种入侵植物几乎全部是由人类活动直接或间接引入。最后对保护区内入侵植物的危害性及防治措施也作了初步的分析。     

Effects of day and night temperature on photosynthesis,antioxidant enzyme activities,and endogenous hormones in tomato leaves during the flowering stage

To study the effects of day and night temperature difference (DIF) on tomato growth, a controlled experiment using Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Jinguan 5 was conducted. The daily mean temperature (T_m) was maintained at 18°C and 25°C, and the DIF was set at 0°C, 6°C, and 12°C. The results indicated that chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b) gradually increased as DIF rose. At 18°C T_m, the carotenoid content reached a maximum at 12°C DIF. The Chl a/Chl b, net photosynthetic rate (P_N), photosynthetic rate at irradiation saturation (P_max), stomatal conductance (g_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), stomatal limitation value, the maximum assimilation rate (A_max), apparent quantum efficiency (A_q), carboxylation efficiency (C_e), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), gibberellin A₃ (GA₃), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were highest, while malondialdehyde (MDA) was lowest at 6°C DIF. At 25°C T_m, P_N, P_max, A_max, A_q, C_e, g_s, C_i, CAT, POD, GA₃, IAA, and zeatin reached the maximum under 6°C DIF, while SOD and MDA reached the maximum under 12°C DIF. Furthermore, the morphological index peaked at 6°C DIF under 18°C and 25°C T_m. The results suggested that 6°C DIF improved the growth and development of tomato during the flowering stage. ABBREVIATIONS: Aq – apparent quantum efficiency; Amax – the maximum assimilation rate; CAT – Catalase; Chl a(b) – chlorophyll a(b); Ca – ambient CO₂ concentration; Ce – carboxylation efficiency; Ci – intercellular CO₂ concentration; DIF – difference between day temperature (TD) and night temperature(TN); FM – fresh mass; gs – stomatal conductance; GA₃ – gibberellin A₃; IAA – indole-3-acetic acid; Ls – stomatal limitation value; MDA – malondialdehyde; Pmax – photosynthetic rate at irradiation saturation; PN – net photosynthetic rate; POD – peroxidase; ROS – reactive oxygen species; SOD – superoxidedismutase; Tm – daily mean temperature; ZT – zeatin.