Composts Vary in Their Effect on Soil P Pools and P Uptake by Wheat

With diminishing world reserves of phosphorus (P) deposits and rising fertilizer prices, it is important to find alternate sources of P for crops. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of four different composts C1 (animal manure and straw), C2 (garden waste), C3 (wood chips and bark), and C4 (kitchen waste) on soil P pools and P uptake by wheat on 14, 28, and 72 days after compost application. The composts were applied as a 2.5 cm thick layer on the soil surface. During sampling, only the soil underlying compost was sampled. Soil pH and total organic carbon were not affected by the amendments. Soil respiration was significantly higher in compost-amended soils compared with the unamended soil except with C4 on day 72. Addition of composts increased plant growth, and P uptake being highest on day 72 with C1 and C4. With little effect on available P concentration on day 14, there was a conversion of organic P into inorganic P in the compost treatments suggesting net mineralization of organic P on day 28. On day 72, the concentrations of the less labile P forms were higher in the compost treatments compared with the unamended suggesting precipitation and fixation as well as synthesis of organic P. This study showed that mulching with composts having high available and total P concentrations can provide plants with P and also increase soil P concentrations which could reduce the fertilizer requirement for the following crop.     

生物质炭和果胶对再生水灌溉下玉米生长及养分、重金属迁移的影响

利用根箱试验方法比较了生物质炭和果胶对再生水灌溉下土壤—植物系统养分和重金属迁移特征的影响及差异性。结果表明,再生水灌溉不利于植物的生长,果胶和生物质炭两个处理相比,虽然植株生长无显著差异,但果胶处理植株的生长状况优于生物质炭处理;再生水灌溉时,果胶处理地上部生物量比对照增加了59.32%。与蒸馏水灌溉相比,再生水灌溉增加了根际土壤pH;灌溉水源相同时,果胶处理根际土壤pH略低于生物质炭处理。生物质炭和果胶都增加了土壤养分的含量,果胶对土壤碱解氮、有效磷和有机质的增加效果优于生物质炭,生物质炭对土壤有效钾的增加幅度大于果胶。生物质炭增加了植株的养分含量,果胶提高了养分的转运能力。生物质炭降低了土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Ni的含量,果胶增加了土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Ni的含量。果胶处理植株根系重金属含量普遍高于生物质炭处理,如蒸馏水灌溉下果胶处理根系Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni含量分别比生物质炭处理增加了165.29%,113.01%,21.16%,92.74%,14.61%,26.86%和53.43%,但Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni等元素在果胶处理的转运系数最低。该研究可为再生水灌溉下生物质炭和果胶在北方碱性土壤的农业安全利用提供理论依据。     

Acidulated activation of phosphate rock enhances release,lateral transport and uptake of phosphorus and trace metals upon direct-soil application

Phosphate rock (PR) was activated via acidulation with HCl, EDTA, and oxalic acid to enhance its reactivity. The release, lateral transport, and uptake of phosphorus (P) along with trace metals from pristine and activated PRs were investigated in a soil micro-block system over a period of 27 days, using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of available soil P, Fe, Mn, and Zn were released from all the PRs after application to soil within first 9 days of seedling transplantation, while the release of other trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) was minimal (<1.2 mg kg^?1). On cumulative basis, APR-O (oxalic acid activated PR) was the most efficient amendment releasing 164% more available P, followed by APR-E (EDTA activated PR) releasing 130% more available P, compared to the pristine PR. Similar results were also observed in the release of available Fe, Mn, Zn, and other trace metals. The highest diffusive mass fluxes for available P, Mn, Fe, and Zn in soil were observed after 3 days of seedling transplantation, which reduced subsequently. The uptake of P, Fe, Mn, and Zn by wheat plants was increased by 394%, 715%, 92%, and 91%, respectively, in APR-O application compared to the pristine PR, while it was increased by 280%, 188%, 16%, and 27%, respectively, in APR-E application compared to the pristine PR. Subsequently, APR-O and APR-E amendments resulted in enhanced shoot lengths, root lengths, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter contents of wheat plants. Hence, it was concluded that activation of PR with oxalic acid and EDTA prior to direct soil application may enhance the reactivity of PR and could serve as a cost-effect fertilization strategy for higher wheat crop production.     

Nitrogen release dynamics of a slow release urea pellet and its effect on growth,yield, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Manure urea pellets were produced and their nitrogen release rate was evaluated in soil incubation at different water contents of 90, 75, and 60% soil filed capacity (FC). In another experiment, sweet basil growth was evaluated during eight months (with three shoot harvests) under the pellet application. The nitrogen release and pellet dispersion rates were slow after two months or at lower soil water content (60% FC), but they were significant after four months of soil incubation, or at higher soil water content (75 or particularly 90% FC). Application of pelleted urea reduced plant growth and yield at first harvest than urea treatment. However, at second and particularly at third harvest (and the average of three harvests) significant improvement in growth parameters of SPAD value, leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh weight, pot yield, and` leaf N and K concentrations were achieved by application of pelleted urea fertilization.     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

Fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 enriches the diversity of nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut

Previously, the application of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 exhibited notable effect in alleviating soil obstacles caused by continuous cropping of peanut. It was supposed that P. liquidambari B3 could enhance the efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by enriching the diversity of nodular endophytic bacteria under continous monocropping system. To verify this hypothesis, a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions. Four treatments were set as follow: discontinuous cropping soil (NS), continuous cropping soil (CK), continuous cropping soil inoculate with actived P. liquidambari B3 (CSB3), and continuous cropping soil inoculate with sterilized P. liquidambari B3 (CSIB3). As a result, a total of 120 isolates were obtained. Our study clearly declared that the addition of fungal endophyte effectively enriched the genetic diversity and the community composition in CSB3. In contrast, a low genetic diversity level and simplex community structure were exhibited in CK and CSIB3. Meanwhile, the positive percentage rate and corresponding community composition of the plant growth-promoting isolates in NS and CSB3 were larger and more abundant than the other. This is the first time to describe the effects of fungal endophytes on the diversity of the nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut.     

基于轻量级CNN的植物病害识别方法及移动端应用

为了实现在手机端植物病害叶片检测,对MobileNet和Inception V3 2种轻量级卷积神经网络进行迁移学习,得到2种作物病害分类模型,将2种分类模型分别移植到Android手机端,在识别精度、运算速度和网络尺寸之间进行平衡,选择最优模型。试验表明,MobileNet和InceptionV3在PlantVillage数据集(共38类26种病害)上平均识别率分别是95.02%和95.62%。在自建图像集葡萄病害叶片的识别中MobileNet和InceptionV3平均识别率分别是87.50%、88.06%,Inception V3的整体识别精度略高,但MobileNet在所有类别的识别上均衡性更好;在模型尺寸方面Inception V3的模型尺寸大小为87.5 MB,MobileNet的模型尺寸为17.1 MB,大约是后者5倍;2种模型移植到手机端时,MobileNet和Inception V3的APP所占内存分别是21.5和125 MB;在手机端单张图片的识别时间方面,Inception V3平均计算时间约是174 ms,MobileNet的平均计算时间约是134 ms,后者的平均计算时间比前者快40 ms;在手机端MobileNet相比于Inception V3占用内存更小,运算时间更快。说明MobileNet更适合在手机端进行植物病害识别应用。     

植物纤维毯道路边坡防护技术综合效益评价

为系统评价植物纤维毯水土保持作用对不同雨强的响应以及改良土壤的作用,开展了人工模拟降雨试验和野外小区监测,在模拟降雨试验中,设计4个雨强,测试3种植物纤维毯,降雨历时均为60min。在降雨过程中以5min为间隔收集径流泥沙,并测定径流量和侵蚀泥沙量。在野外小区监测中,通过2007,2010,2013年施工的稻草毯小区,以及2014年施工的椰丝毯、椰丝稻草混合毯和稻草毯小区,评价土壤理化性质对植物纤维毯铺设年限和类型的响应差异。结果表明:在47mm/h及以上雨强下,椰丝毯、椰丝稻草混合毯和稻草毯均能有效减少侵蚀和产流,平均减蚀效益分别为94.92%,86.06%,83.42%,平均减流效益分别为31.59%,45.02%,52.44%,减蚀效益显著优于减流效益。3种植物纤维毯均在47mm/h雨强下减蚀效益和减流效益达到最高,其中最高减蚀效益为椰丝毯(97.54%),最高减流效益为椰丝稻草混合毯(88.26%)。随着雨强增大,减蚀效益和减流效益均不同程度降低,且减流效益降低更快。随着植物纤维毯铺设年限延长,土壤理化性质逐渐改善;铺设1年后,椰丝稻草混合毯改土效果最佳。     

乡土野花组合在农业景观中的应用

乡土野花组合是筛选以乡土野花为主体的,并通过混合播种建立群落的一种景观植被建植模式,是欧美国家近年来较为流行的一种农业景观恢复与建设的技术措施。已有的研究发现乡土野花组合能够改善景观结构与生境质量,吸引传粉生物和自然天敌,从而起到增强农业景观的传粉及害虫控制功能,并改善农作物品质、提高农作物产量;与此同时,乡土野花组合也具有较好的文化功能。乡土野花组合的设计对建植效果具有重要作用,其物种筛选、配比、播种方式及布局是设计中需要主要解决的问题。本文在总结欧美国家乡土野花组合设计模式与生态监测结果的基础上,提出乡土野花组合物种筛选的3原则：乡土性、功能多样性与包含特定关键物种;并对其生长周期、物种数、播量、播种面积与空间布局等技术细节进行了讨论,以促进乡土野花组合的本土化、区域化发展。欧美国家提出了一系列推动产业发展及农户补贴的有关政策,其中美国主要以推动基础研究与产业发展政策为主,注重限制植物材料本土化;欧洲国家通过多项立法及农业环境管护政策为农户提供多样化的生态补贴,以促进农户充分参与乡土野花组合栽植过程。在我国,尚缺乏成熟的乡土野花组合应用案例。中国的乡土野花组合需充分发掘种质资源并进行生态、栽培与景观特性评估,以实现本土化的乡土野花组合。本文最后提出,通过多学科合作实现乡土野花组合的设计与推广,政府、产业、科研机构与农民共同参与乡土野花组合的设计过程,并提出市场化的生态补贴政策,以推动乡土野花组合在我国农业景观的应用,为改善我国农业生态环境做出应有贡献。     

黄顶菊入侵对土壤氨氧化古菌群落多样性的影响

为了明确入侵植物黄顶菊对土壤氮循环关键过程硝化作用的影响机制,本研究通过对其入侵地和未入侵地、根围土和根际土氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)的群落多样性分析,探讨了AOA对黄顶菊入侵的响应规律。结果表明:黄顶菊入侵增加了入侵地根围土AOA的多样性,AOA的Shannon指数表现为:入侵地根围土入侵地根际土未入侵地土壤,且差异显著。铵态氮含量与p H的变化都会影响土壤AOA的群落结构。系统发育树分析表明,土壤AOA主要隶属于氨氧化古菌的Nitrososphaera cluster。黄顶菊入侵导致的AOA的多样性水平的提升主要是由于入侵地氨氧化菌群种类增加所致。