Effects of split nitrogen fertilization on post-anthesis photoassimilates,nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield in malting barley

Abstract

Split nitrogen applications are widely adopted to improve grain yield and enhance nitrogen use effective in crops. In a two-year field experiment at two eco-sites, five fractions of topdressed nitrogen of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% were implemented. Responses of radiation interception and leaf photosynthesis after anthesis, dry matter accumulation and assimilates remobilization, nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield to fraction of topdressed nitrogen treatments were investigated in malting barley. Net photosynthetic rate of the penultimate leaf, leaf area index and light extinction coefficient increased with increasing fraction topdressed nitrogen from 0% to 30%, and then decreased from 30% to 50%. The putative gross maximum canopy photosynthesis was the highest for fraction of topdressed nitrogen of 30%, which was concomitant with the highest amount of post-anthesis accumulated assimilates. The remobilization of pre-anthesis stored assimilates from vegetative organs into grains was hardly significantly affected by fractions of topdressed nitrogen. Grain yield was the highest for fraction of topdressed nitrogen of 30%, which coincided with the highest plant nitrogen uptake and physiological and agronomic nitrogen use efficiencies. The enhanced nitrogen use efficiency was corresponding to the improved photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency in the leaves at fraction of topdressed nitrogen of 30%. In conclusion, appropriate fraction of topdressed nitrogen application on malting barley improved assimilation rate and nitrogen use efficiency resulting in higher grain yields and proper grain protein content in malting barley.     

Start-Timing for Calcium Chloride Spray Programs Influences Fruit Calcium and Bitter Pit in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples

Early-season sprays of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) have been reported to sometimes be more effective than later-season sprays for controlling bitter pit in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). We conducted a two-year study examining the influence of start-timing of CaCl₂ spray programs on fruit Ca concentrations and at-harvest bitter pit incidence in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apples in Washington State, USA. Six biweekly sprays of CaCl₂ were applied starting in mid-May (early-start), mid-June (mid-start, the normal commercial start timing), or mid-July (late-start) 2002 and 2003. Although leaf marginal necrosis occurred in all of the CaCl₂-treated plots, no spray damage on fruit was observed. All of the CaCl₂ spray treatments consistently reduced bitter pit incidence relative to the unsprayed control treatment and usually but not always increased the Ca concentration of subdermal cortical tissue at harvest. The early and mid-start spray programs produced lower bitter pit incidence than the late-start program in only one of four situations. Fruit Ca concentrations in the control and early-start spray program did not differ. Fruit Ca concentrations in the mid- and late-start spray programs were not different, and often were higher than that of the early-start spray program. Bitter pit incidence for each cultivar was inversely related to fruit Ca concentration. Substituting cortical Ca/potassium (K) or Ca/magnesium (Mg) concentration ratios for Ca concentration failed to substantially improve and usually degraded the correlations with bitter pit incidence. The results confirm that starting CaCl₂ spray programs in June sometimes is more effective at controlling bitter pit that delaying the start of the spray program until July. The later season sprays tend to be more effective at increasing fruit Ca concentration. There appears to be no detectable advantage for starting spray programs earlier than June. Applying CaCl₂ sprays throughout the growing season, starting sometime in June, appears to be the most economical and effective spray management practice for maximizing fruit Ca and minimizing risk of bitter pit development.     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN SUPPLY ON CADMIUM ACCUMULATION IN POTATO TUBERS

The effect of different levels and forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, a large component of the northern European diet, was investigated with the aim of decreasing the Cd content. A high and a low Cd-accumulating cultivar were used in two field trials and a pot experiment. The N fertilizers tested were balanced N- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K) 11-5-18 + micronutrients, alkaline calcium nitrate and acidic ammonium sulfate at levels of 60, 160, and 240 kg N ha^?1 at planting or (for the higher N doses) split between two or three occasions. The Cd concentration in tubers of both cultivars decreased when increasing the N fertilizer from 60 to 160 or 240 kg N ha^?1, indicating that Cd uptake and translocation are not positively correlated to the growth rate of the potato plant. A strong positive linear correlation was found between the Cd concentration in leaves at 77 days after planting and the Cd concentration in tubers at harvest, irrespective of N treatment, although the Cd concentration was three-fold higher in the leaves. The genetic variation in leaf and tuber Cd accumulation was consistent, regardless of the form of N fertilizer used. Ammonium sulfate decreased soil pH and increased tuber Cd concentration in both cultivars compared with NPK fertilizer, possibly due to increased amounts of plant-available Cd arising from the pH decrease after ammonium sulfate application. The tuber Cd concentration in the low Cd-accumulating cultivar increased when fertilized with calcium nitrate, an effect attributed to Cd availability being influenced by the increased Ca²⁺ concentration.     

气温对杂交水稻Ⅱ优718结实率的影响分析

本文采用5个品种,6个播期的裂区试验设计,研究在自然高温和低温胁迫下Ⅱ优718的结实率表现。结果表明:①结实率的大小依次是:辐恢838>Ⅱ优838>辐恢718>Ⅱ优718>Ⅱ-32B;②结实率与产量的回归系数大小依次是:Ⅱ优718>辐恢838>Ⅱ优838>辐恢718>Ⅱ-32B;③抽穗前15 d的活动积温和有效积温对结实率的影响较小,而抽穗后的活动积温和有效积温对结实率的影响较大;④Ⅱ优718、Ⅱ优838在抽穗后都具有一定的耐高温性,且Ⅱ优718、Ⅱ优838的耐高温性主要来自于其父本;⑤辐恢718的耐高温性能比辐恢838好,Ⅱ优718、Ⅱ优838比3个亲本的耐高温性能都好;⑥各品种的耐低温性依次是:Ⅱ优838>辐恢838>Ⅱ优718>辐恢718>Ⅱ32B,且Ⅱ优718与Ⅱ优838两个品种的耐低温能力在同一水平上;⑦Ⅱ优718与Ⅱ优838的结实率受父本的影响均大于母本。     

装备功率分流式自动变速器的整车性能仿真软件的开发研究

在车辆性能仿真软件ADVISOR的基础上,建立了功率分流式自动变速器的数学模型并开发了相应的功能模块软件,最终集成为装备功率分流式自动变速器的整车基本性能仿真模型,仿真计算为研究这一类新型变速器的技术方案与控制策略等提供了有效的工具与手段。     

氮磷钾平衡施用对花椰菜经济产量及品质的影响

应用311－A拟饱和最优回归设计和{3,2}单形格子饱和设计,通过氮磷钾肥配比和氮肥分期施用田间试验,拟建花椰菜施用氮磷钾肥对经济产量、施肥利润及氮肥分期施用比例的效应函数。寻优结果表明：花椰菜最高产量的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N 249.28、P2O554.33和K2O 238.83kg/hm2,其最高经济产量达54.877t/hm2;最佳施肥利润的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N 243.52、P2O552.22和K2O 234.09kg/hm2,其最佳施肥利润达63784.89元/hm2,经济产量也达54.853t/hm2;较佳施氮分配比例为基肥 ：前期追肥 ：后期追肥为0.3135:0.4500:0.2365,其对应的氮肥用量分别为N76.49、109.80和57.71kg/hm2,期望较高的经济产量可达55.313 t/hm2。在同等肥底下,花椰菜维生素C、还原糖和总糖含量与施氮量之间呈一定程度上的负相关,与磷、钾施用量之间呈不同程度的正相关;而硝酸盐含量则与氮施用量呈一定程度的正相关,与磷、钾施用量之间相当程度的负相关。在磷钾用量相同的情况下,氮肥越迟施用或后期施用量越大,花椰菜维生素C、还原糖和总糖含量越低,但硝酸盐含量则越高。     

单坑变水头入渗条件下均质土壤水分运动的数值模拟

变水头入渗条件下的土壤水分运动是蓄水坑灌的基本理论问题。该文根据土壤水动力学的基本理论,分析了蓄水坑变水头入渗的复杂边界条件,并推导了其坑水位变化与坑壁变水头入渗关系的数学表达式,进而建立了蓄水坑灌单坑变水头入渗及土壤水分运动的数学模型。采用ADI交替方向隐式差分格式将土壤水分运动方程离散,用Gauess-Seidel迭代算法求解非线性差分方程,实现了单坑变水头条件下的土壤水分运动的数值模拟。实验验证表明,数值计算结果与实测值有着较好的一致性。     

大通沼气池的应用及发展探讨

大通县依托林业重点工程,发展沼气,采用国内最先进的旋流布料自动循环式沼气,解决了高原冬季不产气的问题。取得了初步成效。受到农村广大用户的赞誉。     

烤烟油菜轮作及平衡施肥对土壤有机碳含量的影响

为探究烤烟油菜轮作及平衡施肥对土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的影响,通过田间小区试验,采用双因素裂区设计,测定烤烟与3个油菜品种（‘重蓉油1号’、‘德油早1号’和‘GSX-1’）轮作以及平衡施肥（减氮和增磷）下油菜季与烤烟季土壤的总有机碳(TOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量。结果表明,从油菜移栽初期到收获,SOC含量均有不同程度的上升,上升幅度为7.7%～166.49%;轮作处理的TOC含量和DOC含量相较对照有所增加,且收获期（180天）的TOC含量和DOC含量以‘重蓉油1号’最高,分别为对照处理的1.26和4.78倍。在烤烟整个生育期内,除个别处理外,其他土壤DOC含量呈下降趋势,TOC含量有所增加。此外,就施肥模式而言,减氮处理效果最佳。在烤烟收获期,除‘德油早1号’外,土壤TOC含量均以减氮处理最高,分别为常规施肥处理的1.20、1.44和1.02倍。综上‘,重蓉油1号’油菜与烤烟轮作、减施氮肥时SOC含量较高,是当地较优的种植模式。     

NPK Accumulation and Use Efficiencies of Manawthukha Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Affected By Pretransplant Basal and Split Applications of Nitrogen

We investigated the effects of split applications of nitrogen (N) on N, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) uptake and use efficiency of rice under basal surface-application and incorporation methods. Different amounts of N were applied at the basal, tillering, and panicle initiation stages in five N split treatments. Basal incorporation provided greater NPK uptake than basal surface application until initiation of the panicle. In basal surface application, N2 (25:50:25) resulted in the greatest total NPK uptake, use efficiency, and N recovery efficiency. In basal incorporation, N1 (50:25:25) resulted in greater values for all parameters. The N5 (50:0:50), which included omitting N at tillering, resulted in low N recovery efficiency and uptake, both under basal incorporation and basal surface application. These results emphasize that split applications of N influence N recovery efficiency and total NPK uptake and use efficiency of rice.