某深基坑工程施工过程监测与分析

介绍了天津某深基坑工程开挖实例及施工过程的监测情况.通过对开挖过程中的坑周土体水平位移、支护结构顶部水平位移、立柱沉降以及周围管线等的现场施工监测数据的分析,探讨了深基坑开挖过程对周围环境的影响,为考虑施工因素的深基坑设计提供了依据,为今后类似工程的设计施工积累了经验.     

The Leaching Behaviour and Balances of Nitrogen and Other Elements under Spring Wheat in Lysimeter Experiment 1985–92

Abstract

In a lysimeter study it was found that moderate rates of ammonium nitrate increased utilization percentages in spring wheat, and the leaching was 10% or less of added N. Over-optimal rates reduced utilization percentages and increased leaching to almost 50% of the highest doses. Late split application of calcium nitrate increased the percentage of N in grain. Furthermore, leaching of N was not reduced, but occurred somewhat later in the fall and winter seasons. Leaching of Cl^? was more rapid and that of SO₄ ^2- was delayed relative to the leaching of NO₃ ^?. Rather large negative N balances were obtained, also after over-optimal application rates, and total N content of the soil was reduced. Compared with the N₀ treatment, differences in soil N residues amounted to 15–25% of added N in seven years. Gaseous losses had apparently taken place both from the added N and from soil N according to the total-N analysis.     

Is dose‐splitting of graminicides as effective as a single application?

Dose‐splitting or reduced dose repeat application, i.e. the application of a herbicide twice to the same plant, is likely to become a more common scenario in future, if farmers adopt the use of novel techniques for prediction of herbicide efficacy shortly after application. Fourteen pot experiments were conducted to study whether graminicides applied to annual grass weeds as dose‐splitting treatments were as effective as single applications. The influence of time interval between applications and the ratio of the doses of the two applications were studied. Two statistical approaches were applied: comparison of the ED₉₀ of the single treatments and a joint action model. The study revealed that flupyrsulfuron, iodosulfuron, sulfosulfuron, clodinafop and glyphosate could be applied as repeat treatments with up to 14 days’ interval between the two applications without loss of activity. In some experiments, particularly with iodosulfuron, dose‐splitting enhanced herbicide performance. By contrast, prosulfocarb responded adversely, most likely due to the pronounced impact of weed growth stage on the activity of this herbicide. The ratio of the doses and the timing between the two applications had no significant influence on herbicide responses. The results of the present studies showed that even if a reduced dose of a graminicide results in an unsatisfactory control and it is necessary to re‐spray, the overall use of herbicide will not increase, if methods are available that can predict the efficacy of a herbicide application within the first 1–2 weeks after application.     

地下连续墙施工探讨

随着各种地下工程的增多,地下连续墙的使用也越来越普及。地连墙施工难度较大,施工过程中对垂直度、护壁、防渗等要求相当高。通过对以往大量地连墙工程的经验总结,对导墙、泥浆护壁、成槽、钢筋笼吊装、混凝土浇筑、接头施工等方面做了简要阐述。只有充分了解每个施工步骤、抓好每个细节,才能保证施工的安全和质量。     

蒸汽爆破后毛果冷杉湿心材的渗透性分析

测定毛果冷杉湿心材经蒸汽爆破处理后的渗透性, 并进行扫描电镜分析.与对照材相比,毛果冷杉湿心材爆破处理后,径向、弦向的气体渗透性均得到不同程度的改善,且随着爆破压力、爆破温度和爆破循环次数的增加而增加.统计分析表明,不同爆破处理后的湿心材渗透性与对照材的差异均显著.湿心材渗透性的改善,主要是由于蒸汽爆破时产生的蒸汽压力使原本闭塞的纹孔膜产生了部分复位或纹孔膜遭到了破坏.     

Aspirated pits in wetwood and micromorphology of microbial degradation in subalpine fir

Differentiating from normal wood, pit membranes in wetwood of subalpine fir contain bacteria of water drop shape or orbicular shape, and flaky shape, as observed using Scanning Electronic Microscope. Not only are ray parenchyma cells in wetwood partially degraded but also margo strands in pit membranes are somewhat degraded by bacterial activities. Most of the bordered-pit membranes in normal wood are unaspirated in green conditions and the proportions of aspirated pits in earlywood and latewood account for only 6.8% and 13.4%, respectively. Nevertheless, most of the bordered-pit membranes in wetwood are aspirated in green conditions and the proportions of aspirated pits account for 77.7% and 72.1%, respectively. The problem of hard-to-dry for subalpine fir could be reasoned from the considerable amount of aspirated pit membranes in wetwood. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (National Science Edition), 2006, 30(1): 53–56 [译自: 南京林业大学学报 (自然科学版), 2006, 30(1): 53–56]     

豫西传统地坑窑小气候特征及其热舒适性评价

为探究豫西地区地坑窑的热舒适性及影响成因,在冬季和夏季对河南三门峡市曲村的生土地坑窑进行室内外热环境监测,选取相同位置的地上普通砖房建筑作为对照,利用人体热舒适模型对两者室内外热环境和舒适度进行定量分析、对比与评价。结果表明,冬季地坑窑室内空气温度高于地面普通建筑4.16℃,黑球温度高于地面建筑5.17℃,夏季窑室内平均空气温度低于地面建筑3.1℃,黑球温度低4.06℃;冬夏两季地坑窑室内热舒适均优于地上普通建筑,测量期间夏季和冬季窑室内分别有100%和44%的时间处于舒适范围,地面砖房建筑内分别有22%和11%的时间处于舒适范围,其中,夏季热舒适优于冬季;空气温度是影响窑洞室内热舒适的首要因素,黑球温度是影响室外院落热舒适的首要因素;但冬季窑洞内部保温性能较低,夏季通风不畅,室内湿度高达71.97%,冬季窑洞室内温度是更加急需改善的缺陷。     

泥坑浓香型白酒窖泥中微生物群落结构与多样性分析

本文采用Illumina PE250测序法对浓香型新窖泥、老窖泥和品质较好的老窖泥中微生物群落结构与多样性进行研究。结果表明:从门水平结构分析,厚壁菌门与子囊菌门分别为浓香型白酒窖泥的优势细菌与优势真菌;从属水平结构上分析,新窖泥的优势菌属是乳酸菌属,优势真菌属是单端孢属;老窖泥与品质较好的老窖泥优势菌属是乳酸菌属,优势真菌属是青霉属。不同窖龄、不同质量的窖泥微生物结构多样性具有显著差异。     

基于MODIS数据的黄河三角洲地表温度研究

指出了地表温度作为地表能量平衡中的异常重要的参数之一,它在地表与大气相互作用过程当中发挥着非常重要的作用,在地表能量平衡的研究也扮演着重要角色,特别在气象、水文、地质、生态等众多领域有着非常广泛的应用需要。对现有的地表温度反演的4种算法进行比较,最终确定选择劈窗算法。根据劈窗算法的需要,对 M ODIS数据波段选取,反演出黄河三角洲地区地表温度,并且利用实测的地表温度进行反演结果精度分析。     

风沙黄土区排土场不同恢复类型植物群落与土壤种子库特征

风沙黄土区排土场作为一种人造生态系统,自然条件恶劣,土壤贫瘠,植被恢复困难。为了探明有效的人工促进植被恢复措施,采用植被调查与种子库萌发试验相结合的方法,通过研究不同植被类型地上植物群落与土壤种子库特征及二者的关系,探讨了其植被恢复效益及潜力。结果表明:研究区人工植被恢复下地上植物群落中共47种植物,分属16科40属,土壤种子库共14种植物,分属5科13属,其中均以禾本科、菊科、藜科、豆科占主导地位; 灌木植被的地上植被和土壤种子库的物种多样性均表现为最优; 地上植被与土壤种子库密度的变化范围为88.48～495.47株/m²,74.74～1422.91粒/m²,且均在草地类型下最大。土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性普遍较低,相似性系数仅为0.16～0.23。因此,风沙黄土区排土场的植被恢复与重建需要加强保护与管理,可以考虑构建以草灌配置为主的人工植被恢复模式,保障群落的恢复潜力,并提高群落多样性与稳定性,亦可考虑引入外源种子库提升群落恢复的潜力。