Field measurements of nitrogen fixation in leguminous trees used in agroforestry systems: Influence of 15N-labeling approaches and reference trees

Appropriate ¹⁵N-labeling methods are crucial for estimating N₂-fixation in trees used in agroforestry systems. A 4-year field experiment was conducted on an Alfisol in Southwestern Nigeria to compare the estimates of N₂ fixed in Leucaena leucocephala, using two non-N₂-fixing leguminous trees, Senna siamea and S. spectabilis, as reference plants and three different methods of introducing ¹⁵N into soil. The atom % ¹⁵N uptake pattern (as reflected in the leaves) was identical in both N₂- and non-N₂-fixing tree species irrespective of the ¹⁵N-application method. There was a significant decline in atom % ¹⁵N excess in the leaves of L. leucocephala (from 0.266 to 0.039), S. siamea (0.625 to 0.121), and S. spectabilis (from 0.683 to 0.118) from the first sampling 12 months after planting and the second sampling 18 months after sampling. From the second harvest in 1991 until the end of the experiment (fifth) harvest in 1993, however, the atom ¹⁵N % excess decline in leaves of the three species was less pronounced and depended on the method of ¹⁵N application. In those plants to which the tracer was applied once at planting, the ¹⁵N decline was steady between the second and the last prunings. In the split-application treatment, the atom ¹⁵N % excess increased slightly at the third pruning and decreased during the subsequent two prunings. The reference tree and the method of ¹⁵N application influenced the estimated proportion of N derived from atmospheric N₂ by L. leucocephala, calculated as 73 and 64%, corresponding to 119 and 98 kg N ha^-1 of N₂ fixed per 6 months, when S. spectabilis and S. siamea were used as reference trees, respectively. The approach by which ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer was applied to the soil in three splits gave slightly higher estimates of N derived from the atmosphere but this was of little agronomic significance because total N₂ fixed was similar for all methods.     

管道最大腐蚀坑深的极值统计方法及软件研制

四川输气管道的腐蚀坑深分布符合Gumbel第一类概率分布规律,利用计算机进行数据处理,计算出管道可能存在的最大蚀坑深度。研制出的"最大腐蚀坑深预测软件",消除了用概率纸作图的弊端,所得数值具有唯一性,可信度高。以四川某输气管道的开挖检测数据为例,利用"最大腐蚀坑深预测软件"计算出可能存在的最大蚀坑,并将预测结果同该输气管道的漏磁检测数据及修补时的验证结果进行了对比。     

利用土钉支护技术处理深基坑的护壁问题

深基坑逐层开挖,逐层在边坡以较密排列打入土钉钢筋,强化坑边坡土体的受力,并在坡面上设钢筋网,分层喷射混凝土,这就是深基坑支护中的土钉支护方法。这种方法与锚杆支护、加筋比较,具有独特的优点。     

酒糟和窖泥中苏云金芽孢杆菌的分离及鉴定

从泸州老窖酒厂的酒糟和窖泥中采集的168个样品中分离出苏云金芽孢杆菌1株,经光学显微镜观察伴孢晶体形态为菱形。以cry1/7/9、cry2、cry3、cry5、cry6、cry8、cry4/10、cry11、cry1Ⅰ的引物做PCR分析进行基因型鉴定,发现该分离株有cry1基因。同时还对该株蛋白质图谱和杀虫活性等特性分析,结果表明该分离株对小菜蛾有一定活性,死亡率可达80%,但该菌株对致倦库蚊无活性。     

Heart splitting at crosscutting of eucalypt logs

The occurrence of heart splitting during the crosscutting of logs was discussed in relation to the released strain on Eucalyptus spp. logs. The strains released in the longitudinal and tangential directions were measured by the strain-gauge method and were correlated with the length of the heart split measured on the same logs. There were differences in the longitudinal strain; however, no significant correlation was found with the diameter that could be converted to a mean annual increment (i.e., a relation with the growth rate). The initial splits expand with the time after felling. The longer the initial split, the longer is the length 1 week after felling. The split length was significantly smaller at the butt end of the first log of every tree than at the other end, but there were no significant differences between the split length at the top of the first logs and at either end of the second logs, although there were differences among individual trees. The length of the heart split correlated with the released strain near the pith, which was estimated using Kublers equation. The longitudinal released strain measured on the surface of logs is a good indicator of the heart splitting when crosscutting logs.Part of this paper was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society     

蓄水坑灌条件下新梢旺长期幼龄苹果树适宜的灌水下限研究

灌水下限是果园灌水的重要指标,下限选择是否合理对果树生长有重要影响。以3 a生矮砧红富士为试验材料,研究了蓄水坑灌条件下不同灌水下限对新梢旺长期幼龄苹果树形态指标及叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,新梢旺长期幼树形态指标随时间推移逐渐增大,但增速逐渐减缓。灌水下限为60%及70%田间持水率时,幼树生长旺盛,灌水下限为50%时,形成了水分胁迫,阻碍了植株的正常生长;随灌水下限的降低,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2摩尔分数、蒸腾速率逐渐降低且各处理差异显著,但叶片水WUE逐渐升高;运用主成分分析法,发现在蓄水坑灌条件下,灌水上限为90%时,新梢旺长期幼龄苹果树适宜的灌水下限为70%。研究成果将为试验区域内合理制定蓄水坑灌灌水制度提供理论依据。     

太行山区栓皮栎、刺槐和侧柏对干旱的适应策略研究

目的 从水力结构的角度探讨栓皮栎、刺槐和侧柏对干旱的适应策略及其差异,为太行山区植被恢复提供理论依据。 方法 以太行山区成熟龄栓皮栎、刺槐和侧柏为研究对象,利用移液管测定其多年生枝条木质部初始比导率（Ks）、最大比导率（Ksmax）;利用冲洗法测定栓皮栎和刺槐导水率丧失百分比（PLC）,真空法测定侧柏PLC;采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜技术测定木质部导管/管胞和纹孔解剖结构等性状。 结果 （1）栓皮栎和刺槐木质部导管平均直径（Dv）、水力直径（Dh）、纹孔开口比例（Fap）、纹孔密度（NP）和纹孔比例（Fa）均显著高于侧柏,二者木质部Ks、Ksmax和PLC也显著高于侧柏;（2）刺槐Dv、Dh、Fap、NP和Fa显著高于栓皮栎,但刺槐的PLC显著低于栓皮栎,可能是由于刺槐纹孔室和纹孔口具有点状和齿状附物,因而增强了刺槐对干旱诱导气穴化的抵抗力。（3）3个树种木质部导管直径越大,纹孔口,纹孔开口比例、纹孔比例等性状也越大。 结论 栓皮栎和刺槐具有较高的木质部水分传输效率,采取快速生长的策略,侧柏具有较低的木质部水分传输效率,表明侧柏采取比较保守的资源获取策略。木质部导管和纹孔结构协同影响木质部水分传输效率和抵抗干旱诱导气穴化的能力,木质部解剖结构是决定不同树种对干旱环境适应性的重要性状。     

原位混肥挖坑回填复式果树栽植机设计与试验

为避免土壤连作障碍,果树幼苗栽植时需将树穴土壤与菌肥充分混匀,以提高果树成活率.针对果树栽植过程中混肥质量差、作业流程分离且劳动强度大的问题,设计了一种原位混肥挖坑回填复式果树栽植机.根据栽植农艺要求对关键部件进行设计,挖坑混肥回填装置实现挖坑混肥同步进行,垂直挖坑进给、肥料计量排放及原位回填浇灌,根据原位作业距离确定...     

苹果苦痘病与果实品质及矿质元素含量的相关性分析

为了探明苹果果实品质及果实中主要矿质元素含量与苦痘病发生的关系,从而为其生产施肥提供参考依据,测定了'长富2'苹果苦痘病不同发病等级果实的外观与内在品质指标及果实中主要矿质元素N、P、K、Ca的含量与比值,分析了其与苦痘病发生的相关性。测定结果表明:果实硬度、糖酸比、果形指数与苦痘病病级均呈显著负相关,其相关系数分别为-0.91、-0.93、-0.89;可溶性固形物、可滴定酸的含量与苦痘病病级均呈极显著正相关,其相关系数分别为0.96、0.97;单果质量、横径、总糖与苦痘病病级均呈显著正相关,其相关系数分别为0.92、0.92、0.90。果实中的Ca含量,苦痘病病果低于正常果;而果实中N、P、K的含量,苦痘病病果却高于正常果。苦痘病病级与果实中N、P的含量均呈显著正相关,而与Ca含量呈极显著负相关,与N/Ca、K/Ca、P/Ca之值均呈极显著正相关,而与K/P、N/P之值均呈显著负相关。分析结果表明:苦痘病的发生会影响苹果的单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物、总糖、可滴定酸含量等果实品质指标;而且果实中较低的Ca含量和较高的N、P、K含量及较高的N/Ca、K/Ca、P/Ca之值、较低的K/P、N/P之值,都是导致或者加重苦痘病发生的主要因素。     

浅析三相异步电动机如何“走单相”

三相异步电动机和单相异步电动机一样可单相运行,但会引起电动机发热甚至烧毁等现象,探讨在缺少三相电源的情况下,不改变电机任何结构和绕组参数,通过简单的外部接线和增加分相元件来实现三相异步电动机单相运行.具有一定的实用价值.