阿月浑子不同基质的容器育苗试验

以苗圃土、泥炭土、蛭石、河沙、有机肥作为容器育苗培育基质材料,进行阿月浑子育苗试验,结果表明:泥炭和有机质混配再加0.5;的核心基质材料(N、P、K无机肥)为最佳的培育基质.经过5个月的培育,阿月浑子出苗率、出苗速率、保苗率、高、地径、＜5 cm的侧根数分别为98、4.1、100、19.8 cm、0.49 cm、45 cm,与对照相比分别增加44.1;、136.8;、127.8;、58.9;、63.3;和309.1;.基质容重为0.5 g/cm3,比对照降低0.42;.从理化性状分析,泥炭和有机质组成的基质土质疏松,透气性好,有利于苗的生长、发育,可使幼苗提前出圃.     

阿月浑子与黄连木的杂种果实发育及幼胚培养研究

 以阿月浑子与黄连木的杂种果实和杂种幼胚为试材,对果实生长发育规律及幼胚培养进行了研究,探讨了胚龄、培养基类型和6-BA浓度等对杂种胚培苗再生的影响。结果表明：（1）杂种果实的纵、横径生长呈“S”型曲线变化,果实鲜质量生长呈双“S”型曲线变化。（2）杂种胚的发育始于授粉后80 d,80 ~ 100 d是杂种胚败育的关键时期。（3）授粉后80 d的杂种幼胚难以成苗,授粉后100和120 d的杂种幼胚成苗率分别为37.04%和83.33%。（4）适宜杂种胚培苗增殖的培养基为：DKW + 2.0 mg · L^-1 6-BA + 0.05 g · L^-1 IBA + 0.3 g · L^-1 LH + 1.5 g · L^-1 PVP,增殖系数为3.47,苗高为3.32 cm。（5）适宜杂种胚培苗生根的培养基为：1/2WPM + 2.0 mg · L^-1 IBA + 0.05 mg · L^-1 NAA,生根率为80%。     

Diatomaceous earth foliar spraying along with adjuvants in pistachio orchards associated with the common pistachio psylla,Agonoscena pistaciae

The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae, is a serious global pest menacing pistachio orchards. Considering the dangers of using excessive chemical pesticides, it seems that using natural insecticides such as diatomaceous earth is a suitable way to lower the residual amount of highly hazardous pesticides. In this study, the effects of diatomaceous earth with different additives, including dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, polyurethane glue as a wood adhesive, and potassium silicate, were investigated in several concentrations over two years in orchard conditions. Although all treatments showed significant effects, the most effective treatments were (diatomaceous earth+dipotassium hydrogen phosphate) and (diatomaceous earth+polyurethane glue). Therefore, the use of diatomaceous earth combined with the additive materials mentioned can potentially be a safe method for the integrated management of the common pistachio psylla.     

Effect of treating alfalfa silage with pistachio by‐products extract on Saanen dairy goats performance and microbial nitrogen synthesis

A lactation experiment was conducted to determine the influence of addition of pistachio by‐products extract (PBE) to alfalfa silage (AS) on performance, rumen fermentation, milk yield and composition, and microbial nitrogen synthesis. Eight multiparous dairy goats (1.8 ± 0.25 kg of milk yield) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to compare two types of AS (supplemented with or without PBE) with two levels of dietary crude protein (14% vs. 16% CP). Dietary treatments were (i) AS with 14% CP of DM diet without PBE (14%CP?PBE), (ii) AS with 14% CP of DM diet with PBE (14%CP + PBE), (iii) AS with 16% CP of DM diet without PBE (16%CP?PBE) and (iv) AS with 16% CP of DM diet with PBE (16%CP + PBE). PBE was sprayed on fresh alfalfa at a ratio of 500 ml/kg alfalfa DM to get the final concentration of 1% tannin as tannic acid equivalent on DM basis. Intake of CP was greater (p < 0.01) in goats fed 16% CP diets than those fed 14% CP diets, regardless of PBE supplementation. Supplementation of PBE tended to decrease (p = 0.09) rumen NH₃‐N concentration regardless of the level of CP in the diet. Supplementation of PBE tended (p = 0.09) to decrease total purine derivatives regardless of the level of CP in the diet with no significant change in microbial nitrogen supply. Efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) had a tendency (p = 0.07) to decrease in PBE supplemented diets. There was also a tendency (p = 0.10) for more EMNS in 14% CP fed goats than those fed 16% CP diets. Therefore, AS supplemented with PBE may lead to less concentration of ruminal NH₃‐N because of decreased degradation of CP by rumen micro‐organisms in response to pistachio by‐products tannins.     

土壤相对含水量对阿月浑子叶片内源激素含量的影响

研究了土壤相对含水量对阿月浑子叶片内源激素含量的影响。结果表明，随着土壤相对含水量的降低，阿月浑子叶片ABA和IAA含量呈上升趋势，ZA含量呈下降趋势；但在80％～40％的土壤相对含水量范围内，ABA/IAA的比率随着土壤相对含水量的降低基本不变；干旱胁迫下，阿月浑子幼苗通过激素调节保持相对稳定的IAA/ABA比值可能是其抗旱性强的内在机制之一。     

三种阿月浑子砧木抗寒性比较研究

为比较阿月浑子砧木的抗寒性 ,于早春对黄连木 ,大西洋黄连木和PGI 3种砧木 1年生枝条进行了- 10℃ ,- 2 0℃ ,- 30℃的冷冻试验 ,结果表明 :随着冷冻处理温度的降低 ,3种苗木枝条失水速率和原生质膜透性增加 ,冷冻枝条的恢复生长能力下降 ;黄连木和大西洋黄连木的半致死温度 (LT50 )在 - 30℃左右 ,PGI的半致死温度 (LT50 )在 - 2 0℃左右 ;3种阿月浑子砧木中 ,黄连木抗寒性最强 ,PGI抗寒性最差 ,其抗寒性顺序为 :黄连木 >大西洋黄连木 >PGI。     

Responses of Growth and Chemical Composition of Pistachio Seedling to Phosphorus Fertilization Under Saline Conditions

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate effects of phosphorus (P) levels (0, 50 and 100 mg kg^?1 soil) under saline (0, 1000 and 2000 mg sodium chloride (NaCl) kg^?1 soil) conditions on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L.) cv. ‘Badami-zarand’ in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Results showed that salinity application decreased leaf, stem, and root dry weights, number of leaf, length of stem and leaf area, while this effect diminished with P fertilization. By increasing salinity levels, all of the nutrients concentration in leaf, stem and root except sodium (Na) content were reduced. P application increased P and potassium (K) concentrations in the leaves, stem and root, while decreased Na and Zinc (Zn) leaf, stem and root concentrations. However, the results indicated that proline accumulation and reducing sugar content were increased by salinity, P and their interaction application. The results suggest that fertilization of phosphorus can diminish some adverse effects of high salinity on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings.     

A real-time PCR assay for the detection of azoxystrobin-resistant Alternaria populations from pistachio orchards in California

Azoxystrobin-resistant populations of Alternaria spp. in the alternata, tenuissima, and arborescens species–groups, the causal agents of Alternaria late blight of pistachio, have been selected in pistachio orchards in California. The azoxystrobin resistance in Alternaria spp. was found to be correlative to a single point mutation resulting in the replacement of a glycine by an alanine at codon 143 (G143A) in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. Based on this point mutation, a real-time PCR method was developed to rapidly detect azoxystrobin-resistant Alternaria populations in field leaf samples collected from pistachio orchards in California.     

Soil and Groundwater Relationships with Pistachio Yield in the Rafsanjan Area,Iran

This study was conducted to examine the spatial variability of groundwater quality factors and to determine soil physicochemical properties in order to distinguish their relationships with pistachio yield in the Rafsanjan area, Iran. One hundred fifty-seven water samples from the wells of the studied area were evaluated for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sulfate (SO₄ ^2–), bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^–), chloride (Cl^–), total hardness, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Groundwater levels of the wells were also recorded. The EC and SAR values of groundwater for some of the wells separately compared with pistachio yield in the orchards irrigated with these wells. Six pistachio gardens with the same management but in different parts were selected, and each garden was divided in two (desired and undesired) parts. In each part of these orchards, soil samples were randomly taken in three replicates from depths of 0–40 and 40–80 cm to determine soil properties. One soil profile was also excavated for soil classification in each part of these gardens. Groundwater in most of the area had EC > 8 dS m^–1 and SAR ≥ 13 (meq L^–1)^0.5. The lowest qualities of groundwater were found in the eastern, southern, and the northern parts of the area, where water's negative effects on pistachio yield have been reported. Statistical results for selected gardens showed that pistachio yield was affected considerably by salinity and clay content of the soils. Modern irrigation techniques and mixing high-quality water with poor-quality water in the area is necessary to prevent the reduction of the water table in the area. Preparing continuous soil salinity and texture maps are recommended for proper pistachio management in the area.