Artificial inoculation and susceptibility of Pinus armandii to Dothistroma septosporum

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is a serious needle disease of conifers that primarily affects pine species (Pinus spp.). Dothistroma septosporum is one of the DNB pathogens that has a diverse range of host species excluding Pinus armandii. In 15 inoculated P. armandii seedlings, D. septosporum acervuli were observed in 43 infected needles of ten seedlings with a mean disease severity of 1.11% at 25 weeks after inoculations, demonstrating the potential of D. septosporum to cause symptoms on the needles of P. armandii via artificial inoculation. The disease severity of P. armandii was similar to the positive control, Pinus nigra (median 0.75 for P. armandii to 0.70 for P. nigra), thus, P. armandii acts under artificial conditions as a susceptible host species.     

名牌战略——浅谈君山银针营销策略

在市场经济条件下,实行君山银针的品牌战略,应确立“茶盖中华,价压天下”这一“卖点”。积极参与市场竞争,加强保护意识,从而赢得市场。     

松阳县古松树的松材线虫病现状调查与分析

古松树是历史的见证,是文化的承载,其保护工作具有重要意义,但因松材线虫的传播侵染,其生存状况不容乐观。本研究以松阳古松树为对象,基于分子检测技术,对其松材线虫病现状进行了调查与分析。结果表明,有12个乡镇近60%的古松树均已感病,疫情较为严重,需及时开展抗病保护工作。     

Genetic diversity of the pine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola in Slovenia and Croatia

Brown spot needle blight (BSNB), a disease of pine trees caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, has been known in Slovenia since 2008 and in Croatia since 1975. Recent outbreaks in Slovenia prompted this study to compare L. acicola populations in these two neighbouring European countries. Sixty-nine isolates collected from three pine species (Pinus mugo, P. halepensis and P. nigra) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and reproductive strategy of the pathogen. EF1-α sequences showed that Slovenian and Croatian isolates share a common ancestry with individuals from central and northern Europe. Population structure analysis revealed four distinct population clusters of L. acicola in these two countries, generally corresponding to their respective geographic location and host. An unequal ratio of mating types and a low overall genetic diversity in the population indicated a strong influence of asexual reproduction. Although some of the oldest recorded European occurrences of BSNB are from Croatia, this study provided no evidence that the population studied in Croatia was the source of the sampled outbreaks in Slovenia. Recent outbreaks of L. acicola in Slovenia are most likely due to introductions from other, yet to be identified, sources.     

静电雾化喷头喷针布局方式的分析与优化

静电雾化喷头中喷针排布方式的设计与优化对提高农药雾化效率有着至关重要的作用,以此为目标文中对特定参数的静电雾化喷头提出了3种喷针布局方式,建立多针喷嘴为平板电极电场求解模型,以Ansoft Maxwell电磁场分析软件为工具,获得了3种静电雾化喷头周围平面电场强度分布云图以及特殊路径电场的分布曲线,针对电场分布更优的排布方式进一步对喷针的排布密度进行了仿真,并对6种喷针布局的喷头进行了水溶性溶液的静电喷雾试验.结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,与正方形阵列、六边形阵列相比,选择圆周阵列且采用更小的分布半径能够产生更好的液滴粒径分布,考虑到实际应用,过于紧密的排布会产生的过小针距,这将容易使针尖周围的空气击穿从而影响雾化过程,故采用半径为6 mm的圆周阵列方式最为合适,该试验结果与模拟计算结果基本一致.     

倭肯河上游两种林型枯落物和土壤持水特性

为探讨不同树种组成的林分持水特性,采用实地调查与室内浸泡法,对倭肯河上游杂木林和阔叶红松林枯落物的蓄积量和持水特性进行测定,采用环刀法对土壤持水量进行测定。结果表明:两种林型枯落物厚度约7.5 cm,蓄积量为8.07~9.85 t/hm²,最大持水量相当于可吸收2.0~2.5 mm的降水,有效拦蓄量相当于可吸收1.0 mm的降水。枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈对数函数关系(R 2>0.9843),吸水速率与浸水时间呈幂函数关系(R 2>0.9999)。两种林型土壤总孔隙度范围为50.32%~51.41%,非毛管孔隙度范围为3.00%~4.44%,土壤最大持水量范围为1509.74~1542.17 t/hm²,土壤有效持水量范围为89.96~133.32 t/hm²。阔叶红松林密度低,生产力高,枯落物层最大持水量、有效拦蓄量,土壤层最大持水量、有效持水量均高于杂木林,但各评价指标差异不显著(p>0.05)。两林地持水能力中等偏低,以提高森林水源涵养为目标时,可维持现有结构,进一步开展密度调整研究。     

亚热带2种针叶林土壤碳氮磷储量及化学计量比对混交的响应

针叶林混交阔叶树是改善土壤肥力、增强林地养分循环的重要措施,而混交效应受到针叶树种自身特性的影响,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和湿地松(P.elliottii)是亚热带地区广泛种植的针叶树种,但目前2种针叶林对阔叶树混交的响应特征还不清楚。选取马尾松、湿地松纯林以及木荷(Schima superba)补植后形成的马尾松—木荷和湿地松—木荷混交林为研究对象,采集剖面土壤样品,测定土壤容重、有机碳(OC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量,计算碳氮磷储量及化学计量特征,比较不同森林类型间的异同。混交阔叶树显著增加了马尾松林0—60cm各土层OC含量,而湿地松纯林与其混交林间OC含量无显著差异。同时,混交增加了2种针叶林土壤TN含量。马尾松林混交后0—60cm土层碳储量显著增加95.8%,而混交阔叶树对湿地松林土壤碳储量无显著影响。混交阔叶树后马尾松和湿地松林0—60cm土壤总氮储量分别增加了15.8%和28.4%,但混交对土壤磷储量无显著影响。混交显著增加了马尾松林0—40cm各土层C/N,而降低了湿地松林0—10cm土层C/N。混交阔叶树后马尾松林0—20cm土层C/P和0—10cm土层N/P显著增加,而混交仅增加湿地林0—10cm土层N/P。混交阔叶树增加了针叶林土壤氮储量,但对磷储量无显著影响,同时混交改变了土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征。与湿地松林相比,马尾松林土壤养分含量、储量及其化学计量特征对混交的响应更敏感。     

Bioavailability of zinc and lead from a contaminated soil amended with pine bark-goat manure compost

The distribution in soil and plant uptake of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) as influenced by pine bark-goat manure (PBG) compost additions were investigated from the soils artificially contaminated with Zn or Pb ions using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Soils were amended with four rates of pine bark-goat manure compost (0, 50, 100, and 200 tons ha^?1) and four rates (0, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1) of Zn or Pb. Maize was planted and grown for 42 days. At harvest, plants samples were analyzed for Zn and Pb concentration. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, extractable and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn and Pb. Extractable Zn and Pb was lower in PBG compost amended soils than in unamended soils and steadily declined with increasing amount of compost applied. The extractable fraction for Zn dropped by 62.2, 65.0 and 44.6% for 300, 600 and 1200 mg Zn kg^?1, respectively when 200 t ha^?1 of PBG compost was applied. Metal uptake by maize plants were directly related to the rate of applied heavy metal ions with greater concentrations of metals ions found where metal ions were added to non-amended soils.     

基于载La半焦基催化的松木热解试验

采用浸渍法,以松木热解半焦为载体,制备了载La半焦基催化剂,利用自行设计的两段式生物质催化热解固定床反应系统进行松木燃料棒催化热解试验,研究不同重整温度下载La半焦基催化剂对生物质热解气、焦油、焦炭三相产物的影响规律.通过气体组分的变化、焦油FTIR谱图的变化以及催化剂SEM、XRD表征特性测试,探讨载La半焦基催化剂...     

三七土壤水蒸气消毒针结构设计与试验

针对连作障碍严重制约三七种植可持续发展的问题,设计一种针式水蒸气输出装置,对消毒针的结构参数进行优化,并通过土槽试验进行验证。通过Fluent软件对消毒针内部进行仿真,结果表明,消毒针出口流速、压力增大,出口温度无明显变化。土壤热传导试验表明,在5 min内即可将土壤加热到90℃,土壤加热基本规律为下层土壤加热效率较低、上层土壤加热效率高。为了探究消毒针不同结构参数对土壤升温效果的影响,选取单侧孔口数量、孔口直径和水蒸气出射角作为试验因素,选取土壤升温到90℃所需时间作为试验指标,进行了正交试验,确定消毒针最优结构参数组合为:消毒针单侧孔口数量为4个、孔口直径为2 mm、水蒸气出射角为45°,此时土壤升温到90℃时间最短,为116 s。通过Fluent多孔介质传热仿真得出,消毒针的最佳排布方式为6×6,最佳数量为36根,间距为250 mm。对消毒后的土壤有机质含量及pH值进行检测,表明消毒后土壤环境符合三七生长的环境要求。