Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N₂O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N₂O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N₂O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha^–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N₂O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N₂O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.     

Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

猪附红细胞体生物学特性的研究

采取新鲜血液压片相衬观察和末梢血液涂片染色镜检法,对河南省新乡地区3000头猪附红细胞体病发病情况进行了调查;并且对体温升高、镜检附红细胞体感染强度为 病猪的血液,分别用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜进行形态观察和血液生化指标检测.结果表明:猪附红细胞体病的发病率为46.33%,死亡率为13.88%,隐性感染率为55.93%(755/1350).在光学显微镜下观察,红细胞呈现菠萝样;染色血片观察附红体在红细胞表面及边缘呈各种形式排列,可见强折光性发亮的圆形小体;扫描电子显微镜观察.附红体寄生的红细胞凹陷区,有大、小球体,有的小球体与大球体相连.血清胆红素、白蛋白、尿素氮、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶增加,血糖、血清总蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶活性下降.     

高坡猪GH基因不同基因型对其部分生产性能的影响

采用PCR-RFLP-ApaⅠ方法检测高坡猪GH基因-119~ 486 bp片段的多态性,探讨了不同基因型对其部分生产性能的影响。结果表明:产生2个等位基因A(449 bp)和B(316 133 bp),其频率分别为0.54和0.46;3种基因型:AA、AB和BB,其频率分别为0.26、0.56和0.18;除6月龄腹围和背膘厚外,其余指标值均以BB基因型最高,AA基因型的6月龄腹围和瘦肉率与BB基因型相比差异显著(P<0.05),其他指标在各基因型间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。表明,A可能是小型猪的有利等位基因,B则可能是大型猪的有利等位基因。     

沼液兼养培养微藻潜力及不同有机碳源影响

利用沼液培养微藻可在收获藻生物质的同时回收碳、氮、磷养分,是沼液资源化利用极具潜力的途径。与光合自养相比,兼养培养可实现藻生物量快速积累,且对光、碳利用灵活,与透光性不佳的沼液相性较好,但目前缺乏相关研究论证其可行性。本文首先选取了小球藻 Chlorella sp.、蛋白核小球藻 Chlorella pyrenoidosa、栅藻 Scenedesmus sp.,以葡萄糖为碳源利用猪粪沼液对 3株微藻进行了兼养培养。结果显示,兼养策略可在大幅强化藻生物量积累的同时协同提升沼液污染物去除。其中,Chlorella pyrenoidosa展现出最佳的生物量及养分去除优势,培养7 d生物量可达1.51 g·L^-1,为光合自养的6.12倍,沼液COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷去除率较自养分别提高了20、36、41个和32个百分点。本研究进一步考察了具备两种典型碳代谢路径的有机碳源（葡萄糖-三羧酸循环,乙酸钠-乙醛酸循环）对Chlorella pyrenoidosa沼液兼养培养的影响,发现葡萄糖相较于乙酸钠更适宜作为沼液兼养培养的有机碳源,且葡萄糖浓度与利用效率呈负相关,1 g·L^-1葡萄糖浓度条件下Chlorella pyrenoidosa具有最高的单位有机碳生物量产率。此外,兼养微藻通过代谢葡萄糖可协同提升光合性能,使PSⅡ最大量子产量、实际量子产量、调节性能量耗散量子产量等维持较高水平,既弥补了沼液弱透光下光能不足,也强化了持续光照后的光系统损伤恢复机制。因此,本研究认为以添加1 g·L^-1葡萄糖的沼液兼养培养Chlorella pyrenoidosa是克服沼液养藻光衰减等不利因素,强化微藻生物量产量及养分回收效率的有效方式,在畜禽养殖场沼液生物消纳与资源化利用方面有较好的应用前景。     

猪肺疫的诊断与防治

从病原、流行病学、症状、病理变化、实验室检验、类症鉴别及防治技术等方面,综合阐述了猪肺疫的诊治要点。     

猪肠道细菌培养组学研究进展

猪肠道菌群是由所有定殖在猪肠道里的大量细菌、病毒、真菌和古菌等构成的集合.已有研究表明,很多疾病以及猪重要经济性状都与肠道菌群有关.目前,肠道菌群研究使用较多的技术是16S rRNA基因测序和宏基因组测序,但这些技术并不能了解具体菌株的实际功能和生理特性.肠道细菌的分离培养具有特殊重要的意义.近几年来,肠道细菌的培养取...     

Screening and Identification of Protease-producing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from Pig's Intestines and the Preliminary Study of Its Enzymatic Properties

A Bacillus strains,MY-6 strain which secreted high amount of protease was isolated from healthy pig's intestines,and it was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by the methods of morphological observation, biochemical tests,16S rDNA sequence amplification and comparison, biolog identification. In order to get an initial understanding of the enzymatic properties of its protease, the dynamic relationship between protease activity and bacterial life cycle, effects of pH,temperature,metal ions and inhibitors on protease activity,and the protease hydrolysis of different substrates were investigated. The results showed that,the protease synthesis of MY-6 strain was synchronized with its spore formation which began in the early stage of the exponential growth phase. The optimum conditions for the protease was 40℃ and pH 7.0,Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺ had a intensive effects on the protease activity, PMSF could completely inhibit the activity of protease, indicating that the protease was a serine protease.The content of TCA soluble peptides for protein hydrolyzate fish protein, soybean protein, corn protein and casein was 0.83,0.67,0.58 and 0.38 μmol/g,respectively. In conclusion,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MY-6 strain could be used as an initial selection of probiotic Bacillus to improve protein digestion.     

自然感染日本血吸虫病耕牛血清循环抗原消长规律的研究

为了观察疫区自然感染日本血吸虫病耕牛血清循环抗原消长规律,本试验将血吸虫病非疫区的水、黄牛各１０头,转运至安徽省血吸虫病疫区,接受为期８周的自然感染。用斑点酶联免疫吸附试验测定牛血清循环抗原。结果,水、黄牛血清循环抗原滴度均于自然感染第４周后明显上升,水、黄牛自然感染第８周的血清循环抗原最高滴度分为１∶１０２４０和１∶５１２０,最低滴度则分别为１∶１２８０和１∶６４０,水牛循环抗原滴度高于黄牛。虫荷数与血清循环抗原滴度未见有相关性。