镉铜胁迫下紫苏的生长响应和富集特征研究

通过盆栽试验,分析了紫苏（Perilla frutescens（L.）Britt.）在Cd、Cu胁迫下生长响应及其对Cd、Cu的耐性、吸收和累积特征。结果表明,在Cd处理浓度≤60 mg.kg^-1和Cu处理浓度为≤600 mg.kg^-1时,紫苏株高和根长均随处理浓度提高而增加,此后则随处理浓度增加胁迫作用渐趋明显。植株地上部和根部Cd的最高含量分别是331.51和991.14 mg.kg^-1,Cu的最高含量分别为228.65和2 030.63 mg.kg^-1。植株地上部Cd和Cu的最大富集量分别为66.70和36.52μg.plant^-1。植株Cd、Cu富集系数分别为2.59-15.42和0.14-1.24,迁移系数分别为0.35-1.44和0.07-0.56。因此,该植物可用于Cd、Cu污染土壤的修复。     

植物修复镉污染土壤的差异性研究

以茶花凤仙和百日草为供试植物,对不同镉浓度条件下两种植物的生物量、镉含量及其对镉的吸收、富集状况进行了研究.结果表明,不同程度镉浓度处理的土壤中生长的茶花凤仙和百日草对镉的吸收和富集特性不同,生物量随土壤镉浓度的升高而升高,但达到一定浓度时,生物量又随土壤镉浓度的升高而降低.茶花凤仙在低浓度区域,富集镉的能力要强于百日草,但是在高浓度区域时,茶花凤仙富集镉的效果却低于百日草的富集效果.本试验中所选的两种植物,百日草和茶花凤仙均没有达到超积累植物要求的标准.     

培养基质对印度芥菜Cd、Pb、Zn富集效果的研究

通过温室土培和砂培盆栽对比试验,研究了外源Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染对印度芥菜富集重金属的效果。结果表明,印度芥菜Cd、Pb和Zn的富集量分别与土培和砂培Cd、Pb、Zn的添加量呈极显著正相关。砂培印度芥菜Cd、Pb和Zn的富集量分别远大于土培,前者印度芥菜地上部Cd、Pb、Zn的最高富集量分别达311.3,248.0,2760mg/kg,分别为土培的10.4,12.9,4.67倍;砂培条件下印度芥菜地上部Cd、Pb、Zn的提取量均大于土培,分别为土培的1.29～8.96倍、1.02～8.58倍和1.68～5.62倍;印度芥菜Cd、Pb、Zn的富集系数砂培较土培明显增大,其中富集系数的变化为CdZnPb,对Pb的富集系数除个别处理外均小于1,说明印度芥菜对Cd、Zn具有很强的富集能力,对Pb的富集能力较弱。研究表明,土培条件下Cd、Pb、Zn的生物有效性较低,直接制约着印度芥菜对土壤重金属污染的修复效果。     

矾矿废弃地生态修复植物种的筛选

采用方差分析及隶属函数等方法对苍南矾矿废弃地引入的18种环境修复植物的生长与生理适应性进行研究.结果表明:新分蘖高生长量在草本种间差异极显著(P＜0.01),冠幅生长量在木本植物间差异极显著(P＜0.01);生理指标(叶绿素含量、SOD和CAT酶活性)在18个植物种间呈现显著差异(P＜0.05),说明不同植物对矾矿废弃地环境的适应性是不同的,进行植物筛选是生态修复的关键和必要环节.综合生长与生理适应性表现,认为美丽胡枝子、新银合欢、构树和香根草是矾矿废弃地生态恢复的适生先锋物种,特别是具有生物固氮能力的美丽胡枝子和新银合欢对废弃土壤中N元素及有机质的积累有积极意义.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术研究进展

土壤重金属污染在世界范围内广泛存在且日趋严重,全世界平均每年排放汞约1.5万t、铜约340万t、铅约500万t、锰约1500万t、镍约100万t。中国受汞、铬、镉、铅、镍等重金属污染的耕地面积已达2000多万hm^2,约占总耕地面积的1/5,每年受重金属污染的粮食约1200万t。中国城市土壤也存在重金属污染问题。重金属污染土壤的修复已迫在眉睫。     

刈割次数对紫花苜蓿镉吸收影响及生理响应

采用盆栽试验研究了4种镉(Cd)浓度(0,10,25,50 mg/kg)下,刈割次数(1次,2次,3次)对紫花苜蓿生长和Cd累积量的影响及其生理响应。结果发现,多次刈割提高了紫花苜蓿地上部分的生长速率,促进了地上部分生物量的累积,3次刈割下地上部平均生长速率可达61.6 mg/(株·d),但3次刈割显著抑制了根系的生长(P<0.05)。生长季内2次和3次刈割可以促进根系Cd吸收,增加地上部分Cd累积量,进而提高紫花苜蓿Cd富集量,单株最大镉积累量出现在25 mg/kg Cd浓度的2次刈割处理中,达到75.98 μg/株。同时,2次或3次刈割会降低紫花苜蓿相对电导率、MDA含量,增加脯氨酸含量,改善紫花苜蓿在Cd胁迫下的生理状况。综合分析表明,当土壤Cd浓度不高于25 mg/kg时,紫花苜蓿生长季内2次刈割可以提高Cd污染土壤修复效率。     

改良剂对柴油污染土壤中黑麦草生理代谢的调节

开展了土壤柴油污染的单因素盆栽实验和柴油污染盐渍化土壤中添加锯末-硝酸铵-磷酸二氢钾的三因素正交盆栽实验,对黑麦草幼苗抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素含量进行了分析,探究了柴油污染土壤中黑麦草幼苗的生理变化与调节。结果表明,土壤柴油污染显著减小了黑麦草幼苗生物量,与对照相比,叶SOD活性在柴油浓度0.3%和0.9%时显著降低,POD和CAT活性在0.6%和0.9%柴油浓度下显著降低;根SOD活性在0.9%柴油浓度下显著增大,POD活性在0.6%和0.9%柴油浓度下显著下降。受柴油污染的盐渍化土壤,施加锯末体积分数为10%时,黑麦草幼苗叶POD和CAT活性显著增强,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著增加;施氮量为0.3 g·kg^-1土时,黑麦草幼苗叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著增加。可见,土壤受柴油污染时,添加锯末和硝酸铵可有效调节黑麦草幼苗的生理代谢。     

抗重金属植物根际细菌的植物促生长特征以及它们对黑芥种子萌发的影响

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants and their associated microbes to clean up pollutants from the soil, water, and air. In order to select the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR) for phytoremediation of heavy metal contamination, 60 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of two endemic plants, Prosopis laevigata and Spharealcea angustifolia, in a heavy metal-contaminated zone in Mexico. These rhizobacterial strains were characterized for the growth at different pH and salinity, extracellular enzyme production, solubilization of phosphate, heavy metal resistance, and plant growth-promoting(PGP) traits, including production of siderophores and indol-3-acetic acid(IAA). Overall, the obtained rhizobacteria presented multiple PGP traits. These rhizobacteria were also resistant to high levels of heavy metals(including As as a metalloid)(up to 480 mmol L(-1)As(V), 24 mmol L(-1)Pb(Ⅱ), 21 mmol L(-1)Cu(Ⅱ), and 4.5 mmol L(-1)Zn(Ⅱ)). Seven rhizobacterial strains with the best PGP traits were identified as members of Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Curtobacterium, and Microbacterium, and were selected for further bioassay.The inoculation of Brassica nigra seeds with Microbacterium sp. CE3R2, Microbacterium sp. NE1R5, Curtobacterium sp. NM1R1,and Microbacterium sp. NM3E9 facilitated the root development; they significantly improved the B. nigra seed germination and root growth in the presence of heavy metals such as 2.2 mmol L(-1)Zn(Ⅱ). The rhizobacterial strains isolated in the present study had the potential to be used as efficient bioinoculants in phytorremediation of soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals.     

间作两个生态气候区的龙葵和少花龙葵促进茄子幼苗生长且降低镉吸收

Soil contamination by heavy metals is a serious environmental problem worldwide,and reduction of heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown on contaminated land is a matter of urgency.A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of intercropping with the Cd hyperaccumulators Solanum nigrum and Solanum photeinocarpum from two ecoclimatic regions,Ya'an and Chengdu,Sichuan Province,China,on the growth and cadmium (Cd) uptake of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).The biomass,photosynthetic pigment contents,and activities of antioxidant enzymes of eggplant were enhanced by intercropping.The biomass of eggplant was the highest after intercropping with S.photeinocarpum from Ya'an,but did not differ significantly from that after intercropping with S.nigrum from Chengdu.The shoot Cd content of eggplant was significantly reduced by intercropping with the hyperaccumulators,which ranked as follows:S.nigrum from Chengdu ＞ S.nigrum from Ya'an ＞ S.photeinocarpum from Chengdu ＞ S.photeinocarpum from Ya'an,with the decreases being 19.60％,14.36％,9.66％,and 6.42％,respectively,as compared with the control.The lowest shoot Cd content and translocation factor of eggplant were attained after intercropping with S.nigrum from Chengdu.Therefore,it was feasible to intercrop eggplant with S.nigrum and S.photeinocarpum on Cd-contaminated soil.     

植物对镉毒害的形态和生理响应研究进展

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has posed an increasing challenge to environmental quality and food security.In recent years,phytoremediation has been particularly scrutinized because it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly,especially the use of metal-hyperaccumulating plants to extract or mine heavy metals from polluted soils.Under Cd stress,responses of hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator plants differ in morphological responses and physiological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration,uptake,transport,and assimilation of minerals and nitrogen,and water uptake and transport,which contribute to their ability to accumulate and detoxify Cd.This review aims to provide a brief overview of the recent progresses in the differential responses of hyperaccumulator and non-accumulator plants to Cd toxicity in terms of growth and physiological processes.Such information might be useful in developing phytoremediation technology for contaminated soils.