马鞍列岛及其东部海域鱼类群落格局与环境因子之间的关系

为探究岛礁海域渔业资源群落格局,于2016年8月、12月及2017年2月和5月对马鞍列岛及其东部海域进行了渔业资源季度调查。利用聚类分析、非度量多维标度(nMDS)和生物环境相关分析(BIOENV)等方法,对该海域的鱼类群落组成、时空动态及其与环境因子的相关性进行了研究。共采集鱼类96种,隶属于12目47科77属,其中鲈形目占比最大,其生物量和丰度占比均超过50%。龙头鱼为全年优势种,春季优势种包括刺鲳、黑鳃梅童鱼和宽体舌鳎;夏季优势种为小黄鱼、带鱼和六丝矛尾虾虎鱼;秋季和冬季优势种相同,为棘头梅童鱼和凤鲚。聚类分析和nMDS结果显示,马鞍列岛及其东部海域鱼类群落可分为站位组I (岛礁周围站点为主)、站位组II (邻近岛礁站点为主)和站位组III (远离岛礁站点为主)。除春季站位组I与站位组III、站位组II与站位组III外,鱼类群落种类组成在各季节不同站位组之间皆存在显著差异。BIOENV分析显示,在底层水温、底层盐度和水深3个因素中,底层水温对鱼类群落影响最大。     

Realizing the potential of trait‐based approaches to advance fisheries science

Analysing how fish populations and their ecological communities respond to perturbations such as fishing and environmental variation is crucial to fisheries science. Researchers often predict fish population dynamics using species‐level life‐history parameters that are treated as fixed over time, while ignoring the impact of intraspecific variation on ecosystem dynamics. However, there is increasing recognition of the need to include processes operating at ecosystem levels (changes in drivers of productivity) while also accounting for variation over space, time and among individuals. To address similar challenges, community ecologists studying plants, insects and other taxa increasingly measure phenotypic characteristics of individual animals that affect fitness or ecological function (termed “functional traits”). Here, we review the history of trait‐based methods in fish and other taxa, and argue that fisheries science could see benefits by integrating trait‐based approaches within existing fisheries analyses. We argue that measuring and modelling functional traits can improve estimates of population and community dynamics, and rapidly detect responses to fishing and environmental drivers. We support this claim using three concrete examples: how trait‐based approaches could account for time‐varying parameters in population models; improve fisheries management and harvest control rules; and inform size‐based models of marine communities. We then present a step‐by‐step primer for how trait‐based methods could be adapted to complement existing models and analyses in fisheries science. Finally, we call for the creation and expansion of publicly available trait databases to facilitate adapting trait‐based methods in fisheries science, to complement existing public databases of life‐history parameters for marine organisms.     

养殖模式对草鱼池塘底泥微生物群落结构影响的分析

为了解养殖模式对主养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)池塘底泥微生物群落结构的影响,使用高通量测序方法分析了山塘、精养和鱼菜共生三种模式下草鱼池塘底泥微生物的结构特征.结果显示:(1)精养池塘水体CODMn、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)[(35.67～108.34)mg/L、(3.40～7.93)m...     

三峡水库正常运行下库区干流浮游动物群落特征研究

研究三峡水库正常运行对库区江段浮游动物群落结构的影响,为三峡库区环境保护提供基础参考资料。调查江段为位于库首的秭归、巫山江段,位于库中的万州、云阳江段,位于库尾的涪陵江段,位于库区回水末端的江津江段;每个江段设左、中、右3个样点,采样时间为2016年7月、2016年9月、2016年12月、2017年3月。共鉴定浮游动物45种,其中原生动物9种、轮虫12种、枝角类13种,桡足类11种;浮游动物密度为30.99×104个/L,其中原生动物占9.28%、轮虫占90.33%、枝角类占0.24%、桡足类占0.15%。江津、涪陵、万州江段水体为超富营养水平,云阳、巫山、秭归江段水体为富营养水平。低水位期的夏季和水位下降期的春季浮游动物密度较高,高水位期的冬季和蓄水期的秋季浮游动物密度较低;坝前秭归江段浮游动物密度最高,沿坝前江段溯河而上直到库尾流水江段浮游动物密度呈现降低的趋势。三峡干流浮游动物优势种共16种,以耐污性的种类为主。三峡干流浮游动物物种多样性指数秋季最高,夏季最低;均匀度指数以秋季和冬季较高,夏季最低。物种多样性指数和均匀度指数万州调查江段均最低,总体均呈现库首至回水末端降低的趋势。三峡水库蓄水运行后,浮游动物群落结构在水库的纵轴上表现出明显的分布梯度;夏季和秋季浮游动物群落主要受水温、叶绿素a、总磷、铜、汞、挥发酚、石油类的影响,并呈正相关关系;春季和冬季江段浮游动物群落主要受溶解氧影响。     

春季和夏季流沙湾浮游植物营养限制研究

采用室内营养加富法研究了2008年流沙湾春季和夏季营养限制状况.结果表明,春季和夏季N、P、Si、Fe等单营养添加缸浮游植物均无显著的促进效应,与对照差异不显著;而N、P和N、P、Si多营养添加缸均显著促进了浮游植物的增长.其中春季N、P缸和N、P、Si缸浮游植物叶绿素a最大生物量分别为49.9 mg/m3和38.4 mg/m3,夏季N、P缸和N、P、Si缸叶绿素a最大生物量分别达14.2 mg/m3和49.4 mg/m3.N、P协同限制流沙湾浮游植物生长;流沙湾大规模高密度贝类养殖导致的营养沉降作用和大型藻类和海草类生物代谢作用可能是造成流沙湾浮游植物营养限制的主要因素.流沙湾浮游植物受到养殖贝类高摄食压力及海域低营养供给共同作用,导致生态系统结构不平衡.     

三疣梭子蟹养殖塘表层底泥异养细菌群落比较研究

采用菌落菌体形态观察和16SrDNA序列比对的方法,对三疣梭子蟹养殖健康塘和病害塘表层底泥中的异养细菌进行了比较研究。分离得到的255株细菌可分为13个菌落类群,33个菌体亚群。对占异养细菌总数34.5%的两个优势亚群(A-NS-SpR亚群,不产芽孢的球杆状菌;B-SF-SR亚群,产芽孢的短杆状菌)的16SrDNA序列分析结果表明,A-NS-SpR亚群属于变形菌门中的2个纲3个科8个属约12个种,其中Halomonas ventosae和Donghicola eburneus两个种数量最多,占该亚群菌株的59.1%。B-SF-SR亚群属于厚壁菌门芽孢菌纲的3个科4个属约12个种,其中Bacillus decolorationis和Halobacillus trueperi两个种数量最多,占该亚群菌株总数的60.6%。从属的水平上讲,Bacillus和Halomonas是优势属。A-NS-SpR亚群在健康塘中的丰度(菌株数量)明显高于病害塘,但多样性(种属数量)差别较小,其中Rhodobacteraceae科在两个塘中的数量差别最大。与此相反,B-SF-SR亚群在健康塘和病害塘中的丰度相当,但健康塘的多样性明显...     

Using ecological trajectories to track long-term taxonomic and functional changes in benthic shallow soft-bottom communities (Bay of Saint-Brieuc,English Channel)

1. Taxonomic and functional trajectories of benthic assemblages were studied in shallow soft-bottom sediments in the bay of Saint-Brieuc (Western English Channel). Changes were assessed at different spatial and temporal scales using a macrobenthic dataset based on 38 stations sampled in 1987 and 2019, coupled with data from one station sampled annually between 2005 and 2019 as part of the European Water Framework Directive monitoring programme.
2. Taxonomic trajectories indicated 1) changes in the structure and distribution of benthic assemblages, 2) an homogenization of the assemblages, and 3) significant functional shifts.
3. Fishing activities and nutrient enrichment are probably strong drivers of the observed changes, as suggested by the higher mortality rate of fragile, flexible, tubiculous and burrowing species, and the increase in the abundance of opportunistic species in the assemblages. Certain populations of macroinvertebrates seem jointly controlled by climate change and by the aforementioned local factors of disturbance.
4. The Community Trajectory Analysis framework appears as a new and interesting method to track ecological changes in marine ecosystems by measuring change with respect to a baseline state, to help define ecological recovery (station returning to the initial ecological state) and departure (station presenting increased changes over time), and to analyse trajectory similarity.
5. According to the degradation of habitat over time, we identify the need for the implementation of knowledge-based conservation strategies, especially within Natura 2000 sites.

     

醉鱼糟制过程中酒糟液中的微生物群落

为探讨醉鱼糟制过程中酒糟液微生物群落多样性,本实验以大黄鱼为原料,用传统糟制工艺制作醉鱼,采用Illumina HiSeq2500高通量测序技术对醉鱼酒糟液菌群进行分析。结果显示,糟制过程中不同用盐量(2%、5%和10%)大黄鱼pH值在糟制前5 d或10 d稍有上升后逐渐降低,而TVB-N值在糟制期间逐渐下降,糟制30 d后的TVB-N值均低于30 mg/100 g,其中5%用盐量组最低;5%用盐量组在不同鱼糟比(1:1、1:1.5和1:2)下,大黄鱼pH和TVB-N值变化规律基本一致,说明糟制过程中醉鱼品质较稳定。5%用盐量组醉鱼酒糟液微生物高通量测序结果显示,鱼糟比为1:2的酒糟液Chao指数最大(167),表明物种丰度最高;鱼糟比为1:1的酒糟液Shannon指数最大(2.75),Simpson指数最小(0.109),表明细菌多样性最高;酒糟液涉及细菌17个门和1个未分类菌门,143个属,变形菌门、蓝细菌门和厚壁菌门是优势菌门,其中变形菌门占绝对优势;弧菌属、Chloroplast norank和肠杆菌属是优势菌属,发酵前期弧菌属占绝对优势。研究结果为醉鱼酒糟液微生物群落多样性研究提供理论依据,为控制糟制水产品卫生安全提供参考。     

Effect of the particle size on the ammonia removal rate and the bacterial community composition of bioflocs

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency and bacterial community composition of bioflocs with <50-μm particle size, > 50-μm particle size and un-sieved bioflocs were investigated in the current study. The initial ratio of dissolved organic carbon to TAN (DOC/TAN) in the three groups were about 14:1. No significant difference was found in the removal rate of TAN, average concentrations of TAN and nitrite nitrogen among the three groups (P > 0.05). The C/N (w/w) ratio of the > 50-μm bioflocs was significantly higher than those of the other groups. No significant differences were found in the crude protein content in the bioflocs among the three groups. The development of the bacterial community compositions of the bioflocs was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses. Most OTUs were shared among the three groups at all the sampled time points. With the increase in the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes, that of phylum Proteobacteria, Chorolexi, and Bacteroidetes decreased in all the three groups. The phylum Firmicutes and genus Bacillus were predominant in all the sampled time points. At the end of the experiment, genus Bacillus accounted for 81% in the < 50-μm group, 82% in the > 50-μm group, and 75% in the un-sieved group.     

关于植物群丛划分的探讨

在传统的植物群落分类系统中,群丛是植物群落分类的基本单位.从群丛分类的必要性出发,综述了传统植物群落分类系统中对群丛的定义及其划分方法,即在群丛的划分中主要依据群落中不同层片的优势种或特征种;但是在利用传统植物群落分类方法划分群丛时也存在一些不确定性因素,主要表现在确定群丛的特征种(组)时需要人为确定;同时,论述了当前植物群落数量分类的研究现状,分析了利用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)、主成分分析(PCA)等数量分类方法划分群丛时存在的一些问题,主要表现在数量分类结果与传统分类单位的对应关系不能达到协调一致,无法判断是否划分到了群丛的水平.最后提出了群丛划分方法的展望:数量方法是基础,特征种(组)是及其数量特征是关键.