In-vitro Metabolism of a Novel Monocrotophos Derivative by Rat and Japanese Quail

NADPH-dependent inhibition of hepatic microsomal carboxylesterase by a derivative of monocrotophos (coded as RPR-5) was studied in rat and Japanese quail as a measure of monooxygenase-catalysed activation of RPR-5. There was NADPH-dependent inhibition of hepatic microsomal α-naphthyl acetate esterase (carboxylesterase) both in rat and quail, indicating monooxygenase-catalysed formation of an oxon that subsequently phosphorylated α-NaE. The pattern of in-vitro metabolism of ¹⁴C-labelled RPR-5 by 11000g supernatant (11-S), microsomes and 105000g supernatant (105-S) fractions of rat and quail livers suggested the involvement of microsomal monooxygenases and carboxylesterases. A radiolabelled metabolite (M2) was tentatively identified as an acid produced by carboxyl esterase attack. In rat, metabolism by microsomal and cytosolic (105-S) carboxylesterases appeared to predominate with relatively little oxidative metabolism. In quail, putative microsomal carboxylesterase hydrolysis of RPR-5 was much lower than in the rat with almost neglible hydrolysis by cytosolic fractions. Also, production of M₂ by quail microsomes was substantially reduced after addition of NADPH, suggesting inhibition of a carboxyl esterase by the oxon of RPR-5. Differences in this detoxification of RPR-5 between rat and quail may be an important factor in determining selective toxicity and the results underline the importance of relating metabolism to toxicity when selecting animal models for toxicity testing.     

The Alleviating Effect of Elevated CO2 on Heat Stress Susceptibility of Two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

This study analysed the alleviating effect of elevated CO₂ on stress‐induced decreases in photosynthesis and changes in carbohydrate metabolism in two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) of different origin. The plants were grown in ambient (400 μl l^?1) and elevated (800 μl l^?1) CO₂ with a day/night temperature of 15/10 °C. At the growth stages of tillering, booting and anthesis, the plants were subjected to heat stress of 40 °C for three continuous days. Photosynthetic parameters, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (F_v/F_m) and contents of pigments and carbohydrates in leaves were analysed before and during the stress treatments as well as after 1 day of recovery. Heat stress reduced P_N and F_v/F_m in both wheat cultivars, but plants grown in elevated CO₂ maintained higher P_N and F_v/F_m in comparison with plants grown in ambient CO₂. Heat stress reduced leaf chlorophyll contents and increased leaf sucrose contents in both cultivars grown at ambient and elevated CO₂. The content of hexoses in the leaves increased mainly in the tolerant cultivar in response to the combination of elevated CO₂ and heat stress. The results show that heat stress tolerance in wheat is related to cultivar origin, the phenological stage of the plants and can be alleviated by elevated CO₂. This confirms the complex interrelation between environmental factors and genotypic traits that influence crop performance under various climatic stresses.     

The Effect of Lecithin Supplementation on the Biochemical Profile and Morphological Changes in the Liver of Rats Fed Different Animal Fats

Sixty-four Wistar rats were divided into 8 equal groups and kept for 36 days in individual boxes. Three of the groups were given full synthetic diets containing various animal fats: beef tallow, pork fat or fish oil. A control group was fed the diets without the fat. The other four groups were fed the same diets with lecithin supplementation. At the end of experiment, sections taken from the liver were stained with haematoxylin–eosin and Sudan III to indicate fat infiltration. Liver enzyme levels, total bilirubin, albumin and two products of lipd metabolism were measured in serum from all the animals. The addition of lecithin to the diets did not influence the level of enzymes in the serum except in rats fed the diet containing beef tallow. A relationship between the type of diet, lecithin supplementation and the total cholesterol concentration in serum was observed. The concentration of HDL-cholesterol was only influenced by lecithin supplementation and that of triglycerides by the type of fat in the diet. The addition of lecithin to the diet was associated with proliferation of Kupffer cells, and an increased number of binuclear cells. Fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was less pronounced in all groups following lecithin supplementation. Lecithin supplementation of the diet did not elicit any pathological lesions and may be considered as a hepatocyte protector. This favourable effect of lecithin was most marked in the group of rats fed the fish oil.     

干旱胁迫下山栏稻与栽培水稻品种苗期表型性状及生理差异

测定了在干旱胁迫条件下,山栏稻苗期的株高、叶面积等农艺性状以及叶片脯氨酸含量、MDA含量等生理指标,采用隶属函数法评估山栏稻抗旱能力。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,山栏稻降低了地上部分的生物量并增加了地下部分的生物量,同时,山栏稻叶绿素含量、MDA含量以及脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的提高;所选山栏稻品种的隶属函数值为0.521和0.673。综合实验数据和田间观察,初步判断山栏稻苗期具有较强的抗旱特性。     

棉株生理年龄对纤维加厚发育及纤维比强度形成的影响

 【目的】研究棉株生理年龄对棉纤维加厚发育及纤维比强度形成的影响。【方法】通过设置播期试验使位于棉株不同部位的棉花"三桃"（伏桃、早秋桃和晚秋桃）的棉纤维加厚发育期（铃龄25～50 d）处于相同的温度条件下（统计伏桃、早秋桃和晚秋桃棉纤维加厚发育期日均温分别为22.0、19.4和15.3℃）。【结果】棉花"三桃"的棉纤维加厚发育及纤维比强度受温度和棉株生理年龄的双重影响，棉株生理年龄是影响伏桃、早秋桃棉纤维加厚发育的主要因子，对棉株上部果枝的伏桃和下部果枝的早秋桃棉纤维加厚发育具有显著影响，铃重、衣分和纤维比强度均明显低于其他部位；棉纤维加厚发育期低温则是影响晚秋桃棉纤维加厚发育及纤维比强度的首要因子。在本试验15.3℃的温度条件下，棉纤维蔗糖合成酶活性显著降低，β-1，3-葡聚糖酶活性显著升高，同时纤维素累积量和累积速率均显著降低，棉花铃重低于2 g，纤维比强度低于20 CN·tex-1。【结论】棉株生理年龄对伏桃、早秋桃和晚秋桃纤维比强度的影响作用依次增强。     

Cotton Research Center,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100, China

During the long process of evolution, plants have adapted to their environments through the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (SM) using the acetate-malonate pathway, mevalonic acids pathway, or shikimic acid pathway, leading to resistance to different pests. As a major cash crop, cotton can produce many secondary metabolites with insecticidal activity, and show self-defense mechanisms under biotic stress conditions. These characteristics of cotton ensure reduced pest incidence and maintenance of ecological balance. This paper discusses the types of SMs, their synthesis, and insect resistance of cotton secondary metabolites in relation to their defense function. We propose possible pest-control strategies using secondary metabolites in cotton.     

抑制不同种类瘤胃微生物活性对水牛瘤胃发酵和脂肪酸代谢的影响

试验旨在采用体外产气法研究抑制瘤胃细菌、真菌、原虫对添加亚油酸和亚麻酸后水牛瘤胃体外发酵参数和脂肪酸代谢的影响。体外培养底物0.5 g,精粗比为3：7,分别添加底物干物质量3%的亚油酸和3%的亚麻酸,每组设置5个重复,同时再设立4个组：对照组及抑制原虫、细菌、真菌组。体外模拟瘤胃发酵培养24 h,测定24 h产气量和气体中的甲烷（CH₄）含量、瘤胃发酵液的pH、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、微生物蛋白（MCP）浓度以及长链脂肪酸（LFA）组成。结果表明：①在添加亚麻酸情况下,与对照组相比,抑制细菌和原虫生长后产气量显著降低,抑制细菌和真菌生长后CH₄产量显著升高,而抑制原虫生长后CH₄产量显著降低（P<0.05）;在添加亚油酸情况下,与对照组相比,抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后产气量均显著降低,且抑制原虫后CH₄产量显著低于其他组（P<0.05）。②抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后,添加亚油酸和亚麻酸显著影响了体外瘤胃发酵液pH和MCP浓度（P<0.05）,添加亚油酸对NH₃-N浓度影响不显著（P>0.05）。③与对照组相比,抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后显著降低了乙酸、丙酸含量（P<0.05）;在添加亚麻酸情况下,抑制细菌生长显著降低了丁酸含量（P<0.05）;在添加亚油酸情况下,抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后丁酸含量显著降低（P<0.05）。④与对照组相比,在添加亚麻酸情况下,抑制细菌生长显著降低了C11：0、C12：0、C13：0、C14：0、C14：1n5、C15：1n5、C16：1n7、C16：0、C18：3n3、C18：2n6c、C18：0、C20：2n6、C20：3n6、C20：1、C20：3n3、C20：0、C21：0、C22：6n3、C22：2n6、C22：0浓度（P<0.05）;在添加亚油酸情况下,抑制细菌生长显著降低了C12：0、C13：0、C14：0、C15：0、C16：1n7、C16：0、C17：0、C18：3n6、C18：3n3、C18：2n6c、C18：1n9t、C18：0、C18：2（cis-9,trans-11）、C18：2（trans-10,cis-12）、C20：2n6、C20：1、C20：0、C21：0、C22：6n3、C22：0、C23：0、C24：1n9、C24：0浓度（P<0.05）。由此可见,抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后,添加亚油酸和亚麻酸对体外瘤胃发酵参数、CH₄产量和脂肪酸组成均能产生影响,原虫对产气量和CH₄产量贡献最大,细菌对瘤胃液脂肪酸代谢影响最大。     

NaCl胁迫对光蜡树部分生理指标的影响

以1年生光蜡树幼苗为试材,研究NaCl胁迫对其部分生理生化指标的影响.结果显示:随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,光蜡树叶片鲜重含水量、叶绿素总量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量均呈逐渐下降趋势;叶片中Na+含量逐渐增加,K+含量呈现先降低后增加的趋势;叶片相对电导率、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量呈逐渐上升的趋势,在NaCl浓度达到136 mmol·L-1的重度盐胁迫时,脯氨酸、MDA含量含量分别比对照增加了96.72%和73.13%.     

增施硅肥对枸杞生理代谢、产量及品质的影响

硅元素作为一种植物生长所需的有益元素,能有效提升作物产量,改善品质。以3 a生红枸杞‘宁杞7号’为试验材料,在常规滴灌施肥基础上分别设置叶面喷施硅肥+滴灌清水(T1)、叶面喷清水+滴灌增施硅肥(T2)、叶面喷施硅肥+滴灌增施硅肥(T3)3个处理,并以叶面喷施清水+滴灌清水为对照(CK),探讨增施硅肥对枸杞生理代谢、产量和品质的改善效果。结果表明:施硅处理能有效促进枸杞叶片的叶绿素合成及植株的营养生长,增加其叶片的植被覆盖指数(NDVI)和干物质累积量、光合速率(P_n)、水分利用率(WUE)在叶面喷施硅肥配合滴灌增施硅肥和叶面喷清水配合滴灌增施硅肥中均显著提高,叶片气孔导度(G_s)在叶面喷施硅肥配合滴灌增施硅肥中显著提高了16.98%,而叶面喷施硅肥配合滴施清水整体的效果不显著,蒸腾速率(T_r)在施硅处理中显著降低;增施硅肥可以显著改善浆果可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和还原性糖含量,对维生素C(V_C)含量有极显著影响,显著增加高达133.61%,但枸杞的总酸含量在各施硅处理下显著降低。枸杞的产量在叶面喷施硅肥配合滴施清水、叶面喷清水配合滴灌增施硅肥、叶面喷施配合滴灌增施硅肥中依次显著提高了3.46%、13.00%、24.57%,以叶面喷施配合滴灌增施硅肥处理下的经济效益达到最大,为35 270.8元·hm~(-2),增幅为26.73%,产投比为1.85。在常规施肥的基础上,通过增施硅肥能有效改善枸杞光合特性,提升枸杞产量,改善枸杞品质,尤其采用叶面喷施硅肥配合滴灌增施硅肥的方式对枸杞的生产应用有较大的推广价值。     

反刍动物内脏能量利用和代谢研究进展

引用国外有关研究结果 ,从内脏系统能量利用的影响因素、门静脉排流内脏系统的能量利用、肝静脉系统的能量利用和能量利用的稀释作用 4个方面详细阐述了反刍家畜内脏能量利用的规律 ,并提出内脏能量代谢方面的研究领域。