一氧化碳(CO)在植物体内的生理生化作用研究进展

为了促进一氧化碳(CO)在植物生理生化方面的研究,本文归纳了CO在植物体中的生物合成途径,CO作为信号分子对植物各种生理功能的调控,以及CO与其他信号分子之间的相互作用。经过分析得出,CO在植物生物胁迫过程中的作用及其作用机制方面的研究还很少,因此,CO在这方面的研究将会成为今后的研究重点。     

氮磷钾钙配施对望天树幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

探讨不同N、P、K、Ca配施处理对望天树幼苗生长及生理特性的影响,并根据其生长及生理表现筛选适宜的配施处理,旨在为望天树壮苗培育提供参考依据。以1年生望天树幼苗为试验材料,采用L16(4⁴)正交试验设计方法。结果表明,不同配施处理对望天树幼苗生长及生理指标影响达到极显著差异水平（P<0.01）,生长表现最优处理是N₂P₂K₄Ca₁和N₃P₄K₂Ca₁,生理指标表现最优处理是N₃P₂K₁Ca₂和N₃P₄K₂Ca₁。相关性分析表明望天树苗高与叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量等生理指标呈极显著正相关,与丙二醛含量呈极显著负相关,地径仅与叶绿素含量呈显著正相关关系。处理7(100 mg N+20 mg P+80 mg K)、处理12（200 mg N+40 mg P+20 mg K）对望天树幼苗生长的促进作用最大,处理11（200 mg N+20 mg P+50 mg Ca）和处理12（200 mg N+40 mg P+20 mg K）配施下生理特性指标表现最好;N是望天树幼苗生长的必须因子,P和K对促进苗木地径生长作用显著,适量Ca有助于提高望天树幼苗生理活性,超过100 mg则导致生理胁迫。     

低温胁迫对不同产地降香黄檀幼苗生理特征影响

为探讨低温胁迫下降香黄檀的生理变化,筛选降香黄檀耐寒产地和向北引种栽培推广提供依据。通过来自8个不同产地的降香黄檀幼苗进行人工模拟先降温再复温处理,测定分析降香黄檀幼苗叶片的细胞膜透性、保护酶活性和激素等10个生理生化指标的变化规律,并通过方差分析、多重比较、主成分分析等方法筛选抗寒性能力强的产地降香黄檀。结果表明,8个产地降香黄檀叶片的REC、MDA含量和POD、SOD和CAT活性随着胁迫温度的降低而升高。低温胁迫下ABA显著>对照,GA₃、IAA和ZR减少。运用主成分分析和隶属函数法综合评价结果表明,8个不同产地降香黄檀抗寒能力大小依次为四川乐山、浙江温州、贵州罗甸、广东怀集、广东韶关、广西崇左、广东高要、海南尖峰。通过低温驯化,可以适当增强降香黄檀幼苗的耐寒能力。     

脂肪酸酯化合物对西瓜幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响

采用基质培养法,研究不同浓度(0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00、4.00 mmol/L)的邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)对‘早佳84–24’西瓜幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:0.10 mmol/L DOP和0.05mmol/L DIBP对西瓜幼苗生长的促进作用最强;在DOP和DIBP处理后5 d和10 d,西瓜幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随着处理浓度的增加均增大,到处理后15 d,SOD、POD、CAT活性显著下降,MDA含量急剧升高;DOP、DIBP处理西瓜幼苗中脯氨酸含量分别在15 d和10 d后比对照显著增大,说明DOP和DIBP对西瓜的化感作用与作用时间及浓度有关,浓度越大、作用时间越长,对植株的化感抑制作用越强。     

外源铬对延胡索生理指标及抗氧化系统变化的影响

为探究不同浓度外源Cr6+处理下,延胡索（Corydalis yanhusuo）生理指标及抗氧化系统的变化情况,测定了延胡索植株内铬含量、株高、生物量以及抗氧化系统各项指标。结果表明：当土壤中Cr6+浓度在67.32~323.32 mg·kg-1范围内,随着土壤中Cr6+浓度的升高,延胡索体内Cr6+累积量增加。延胡索植株株高、生物量表现为先升后降趋势,当土壤中Cr6+浓度低于131.32 mg·kg-1时,延胡索生长受到促进,而且这种作用具有一定的浓度依赖性：当土壤中Cr6+浓度低于131.32 mg·kg-1时,超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）有较高活性,将超氧阴离子自由基歧化分解为H2O2,此时过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）活性均呈上升趋势,将H2O2分解,延胡索植株的生长受到促进作用;当土壤中Cr6+浓度达到195.32 mg·kg-1后,延胡索受到的胁迫严重,SOD活性有较大幅度的下降,植株体内超氧阴离子自由基大量累积,延胡索植株生长受到抑制。     

全雄奥利亚罗非鱼的制种与应用研究

为获得全雄奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aurea),对WZ♀-ZZ♂类型的奥利亚罗非鱼采用原系(ZZ♂)与转化系(ZZ△♀)二系配套技术,控制遗传全雄鱼的性别。根据泄殖器特征对转化后的实验鱼进行性別鉴定,确定性别。对实验鱼的外部形态、内部结构进行生物学描述。统计并观察实验鱼的雄性率、生长和发育状况。总结全雄奥利亚罗非鱼在应用中的优势,以期为奥利亚罗非鱼养殖业的发展指明方向。     

Biochemical,Physical, Chemical,and Microbiological Assessment of Blue Shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) Stored in Ice

Postmortem changes in blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) muscle were studied on the basis of biochemical, chemical, physical, and microbiological changes during an 18 day storage period at 0°C. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content, breakdown products, K-value, pH, trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), water holding capacity (WHC), color, and texture (shear force) changes were examined. Also, total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacterial counts were measured. K-value increased linearly (r² = 0.98) from an initial value of 1.37 ± 0.59 to 59.42 ± 6.05% at Day 18. Spoilage indicators TVB-N and TMA-N increased from 29.56 ± 1.33 and 0.69 ± 0.25 to 39.04 and 2.04 ± 0.59 mg of N/100 g at Day 18, respectively; meanwhile, the total viable counts of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria increased from 3.48 ± 0.44 and 2.61 ± 0.29 log CFU/g to 6.27 ± 0.21 and 7.14 ± 0.39 log CFU/g, respectively, which indicated spoilage at the end of the storage period. The pH, texture, WHC, and color were affected (p < 0.05) during the storage period. Overall, results indicate that blue shrimp muscle quality was maintained for 12 days of storage in ice.     

Tracking change in a human‐dominated landscape: developing conservation guidelines using freshwater fish

• 1. To conserve biodiversity in a human‐dominated landscape, a science‐based inventory and monitoring plan is needed that quantifies existing resources, isolates drivers that maintain natural communities, determines harmful stressors, and links ecological drivers and human stressors. A tactical approach is proposed for conservation planning using freshwater fish at the Cape Cod National Seashore.
• 2. Freshwater fish are well studied and occur across environmental gradients. The lentic systems at the national park are relatively pristine yet are enveloped by a region of high population density. Using fish community data, three steps were taken for tracking anthropogenic impacts in a human dominated landscape. First, fish and potential drivers were sampled intensively along a gradient to determine which fish metrics reflect natural communities and which abiotic and biotic factors structure them. Second, emerging and existing regional human threats were identified. Third, these human threats were linked to the potential drivers that maintain natural communities to identify the most informative metrics to monitor and track change.
• 3. Fish communities, water quality, habitat, and food resources were sampled concurrently in 18 ponds in 1999 and 2000. Three common fish species explained 98% of variation in numbers across systems. Based on ecological relationships, pH, depth, vegetation, prey, and community complexity were determined to maintain biodiversity of freshwater fish communities.
• 4. The primary human threats here included: development‐related, land‐use changes; non‐point source pollution; eutrophication from septic systems; and introduced species that are a byproduct of high human visitation. These are common threats in many rapidly urbanized areas and are likely to have relevance to many sites.
• 5. To track the impact of emerging threats to freshwater ponds related to increased human population, monitoring changes in water quality, vegetated habitat, fish diversity, and trophic interactions are recommended.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review

Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses.     

不同施磷水平对橡胶幼苗光合与生理代谢的影响

通过盆栽试验研究不同施磷水平对橡胶树幼苗叶片光合与代谢的影响,为橡胶幼龄胶园施肥量提供科学依据。以热研7-33-97嫁接苗为材料,设置5个施磷水平(不施磷为对照)对橡胶树幼苗叶片磷含量、光合作用和代谢特征的影响。结果发现：在土壤施磷水平为1 000 mg/kg时,可以保障橡胶幼苗的正常生长,同时增加光合速率和促进生理代谢;低浓度施磷水平(≤500 mg/kg)时,表现为施磷不足;高浓度施磷水平(≥2 000 mg/kg)对橡胶幼苗叶片光合和生理代谢造成抑制作用。