磁化或电离化微咸水理化特性试验

改善微咸水理化特性,提高微咸水利用效率,成为合理利用微咸水重要研究内容。为了对微咸水活化效果及活化微咸水理化特性进行定量评价,该文采用磁化和电离化法对微咸水进行不同的活化处理,通过室内测试,对电离化微咸水活化系统的技术参数进行了分析,并对活化微咸水的表面张力系数、溶氧量、电导率及p H值等理化特性进行了研究。结果表明,电离化系统要求接地电阻不超过5Ω;活化微咸水表面张力系数显著减小、溶氧量显著增加、电导率和p H值受到不同程度的影响;但对表面张力系数和溶解氧影响比较明显,对电导率和p H值影响不显著。在矿化度5 g/L时,活化微咸水表面张力相对减少9.14%~13.84%,溶氧量相对增加8.04%~10.23%,表面张力相对减少量与溶氧量相对增加量可以从客观上反应活化微咸水理化特性的变化,而表面张力相对减少量与溶氧量相对增加量之间又存在显著的指数函数关系。根据表面张力相对减少量,电离化微咸水活化处理效果优于磁化处理,磁场强度3 000 Gs与变频磁化处理活化效果显著。因此,可以用表面张力相对减少量作为定量评价指标对活化微咸水的理化特性进行综合性定量评价,以判断不同活化方式的活化效果。     

低效林改造对土壤理化性质及水源涵养功能的影响

 通过调查分析广西苍梧县低效马尾松、湿地松纯林经采取异龄混交荷木、大叶栎等阔叶树种的改造措施后土壤理化性状及水源涵养功能,表明:1)低效林改造后,林地土壤养分含量得到提高,土壤物理性状得到改善;2)林地土壤水分状况和渗透性能得到显著提高;3)与低效马尾松纯林（2166 t/hm2）和湿地松纯林（2 075 t/hm2）相比,马尾松+荷木、湿地松+荷木和湿地松+大叶栎林地土壤蓄水量显著提高,分别达到2 543、2506和2 483 t/hm2;4)0～20 cm土层土壤理化性状改善幅度大于20～40 cm土层。低效林混交荷木、大叶栎后,改造效果明显,是低效林改造措施之一。     

黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤性状的影响

黑土作为东北地区主要的耕作土壤,其结构性状对土地生产力影响极大。土壤侵蚀使肥沃的黑土层减薄,土壤理化性状不同程度地受到破坏和影响。根据黑土侵蚀现状,对不同侵蚀程度黑土坡耕地的养分状况、土壤田间持水量和渗透速度、抗蚀抗冲性能指标的测定分析发现,黑土侵蚀程度由轻度到重度,土壤有机质等养分含量越来越低;土壤蓄渗水能力逐渐减小;土壤抗蚀抗冲性能亦逐渐降低。黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀程度的加剧,使得土壤有机质含量减少,保肥供肥能力降低,土壤黏度加重,结构变劣,保水能力减弱,影响农作物的生长发育,势必对我国东北黑土区商品粮基地的重要地位构成严重威胁。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

梅江盆地叶塘组紫色岩上发育土壤的物理性质研究

采用野外调查、取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法,研究了梅江盆地白垩系上统叶塘组（Kyt^2）紫色岩上土壤物理性质特征扣差异,结果表明：叶塘组紫色岩母质发育的土壤粘粒含量低而砂粒含量高,具有容重较大,比重相对偏小,孔隙度不高,自然含水量偏低的特点。从丘顶、丘腰到丘脚,土层逐渐增厚,土壤粘粒含量逐渐增加,砂粒含量逐渐减少,容重递增而比重减小。孔隙度表现出丘顶〉丘腰〉丘脚的趋势,含水量则表现出丘顶〈丘腰〈丘脚的趋势。针对情况,提出相应建议以维护紫色土利用的可持续发展。     

坡面侵蚀土壤磁化率变化机理的研究

研究了土壤磁化率与土壤物理性质的关系,结果表明:应用干筛法在不同粒级土团中获得的0.1～0.25mm粒级的土团主导土壤的磁化率,各组分土团中大于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈反相关,小于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈正相关。土壤比重、土壤总孔隙度、崩解速率等均与土壤磁化率呈负相关,且土壤崩解速率与土壤磁化率呈极显著负相关;土壤磁化率与容重、粒径小于0.25mm的水稳性团粒组分和大于0.05mm的机械组分含量呈显著正相关。坡面土壤侵蚀导致坡面物质发生再分布,使得土壤颗粒组成、容重、比重、孔隙度等土壤物理性质发生变化,进而使得坡面不同空间部位土壤磁化率出现差异。     

不同利用方式红壤磷素有效性的深度变化——以江西省余江县孙家小流域为例

在江西省鹰潭市余江县孙家红壤小流域的典型红壤区随机选取了具有代表性的林地(F)、花生旱地(PU)、新稻田(NP,<30 a)和老稻田(OP,> 200 a),在0~40 cm深度每隔5 cm采集分层土样,分析了土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(Bray P)、磷素活化系数(PAC)及有机磷(Po)、无机磷(Pi)与各组分磷的深度变化,探讨了土壤pH与土壤有机质(SOM)对红壤磷素有效性的影响。研究结果表明:孙家小流域不同利用方式红壤TP含量大小依次为:老稻田>新稻田>林地>花生旱地;除林地外,花生旱地与稻田土壤TP、Bray P、Pi和Po含量随着土壤深度的增加呈显著降低趋势,且稻田土壤Po含量及其占全磷的比例显著高于林地和花生旱地。花生旱地与稻田0~20 cm土壤中极有效磷(EAP)、中等有效磷(MAP)及EAP、MAP中的无机磷与有机磷的比值均显著高于林地土壤。林地转为旱地和稻田,尤其是长期植稻可以促进土壤非有效磷(NAP)向利于作物吸收的EAP与MAP转化,因而提高土壤磷素有效性。相关分析表明,随着SOM累积量的增加,四种利用方式红壤中EAP、MAP含量均显著提高。     

冻融对河北省深州市盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响

随着全球气候变暖,冻融对土壤性质的影响日益受到重视。以河北省深州市盐碱土为研究对象,通过分析土壤含水率、全持水量、容重、饱和导水率、电导率、pH和有机质的变化,探讨冻融对0—20cm深度盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:0—20cm土层深度,冻融增加土壤的含水率,而对全持水量的影响较小;0—10cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤容重与pH,降低了土壤的电导率和渗透性,该层土壤水盐运移呈特殊规律,土壤含水率与电导率呈相反变化趋势;对于10—20cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤的渗透性和有机质的含量。在相关性分析中,0—20cm土层深度土壤容重与全持水量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05),其有机质含量和导水率与其他性质无显著相关;0—10cm土层深度土壤pH与容重和含水率呈极显著相关,与全持水量呈显著相关;10—20cm土层深度土壤电导率与容重呈显著负相关,与全持水量呈显著正相关。研究结果为冻融对盐碱土影响的研究及盐碱土的改良提供科学依据。     

不同轮牧方式对荒漠草原土壤理化性质及草地健康的影响

研究轮牧方式对草地土壤理化性质的影响,对草地科学利用和草地生态保护具有重要意义。以宁夏面积最大的荒漠草原为研究对象,通过放牧试验,研究围封禁牧、连续放牧、二区、四区和六区轮牧对0—40cm土壤理化性质的影响,并运用模糊评判法对草地健康状况进行评价。结果表明:(1)六区和四区轮牧土壤粉粒含量和含水率较高;轮牧方式对土壤容重和孔隙度影响较小;四区和六区轮牧有利于土壤物理结皮、地衣—藻类结皮维持。(2)连续放牧的土壤有机质含量最低,全氮含量以禁牧最低;速效氮含量在四区轮牧最高,六区轮牧下速效磷钾含量最高。(3)土壤性状间存在一定的相关性,但草地植物生物量与多数土壤性状相关性不明显。(4)六区轮牧的健康指数最高,连续放牧的健康指数最低。研究认为,研究区草原以六区轮牧为宜。     

Characterizing Spatial Variability of Soil Textural Fractions and Fractal Parameters Derived from Particle Size Distributions

Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental physical property affecting other soil properties. Characterizing spatial variability of soil texture is very important in environmental research. The objectives of this work were: 1) to partition PSD of 75 soil samples, collected from a flat field in the University of Guilan, Iran, into two scaling domains using a piecewise fractal model to evaluate the relationships between fractal dimensions of scaling domains and soil clay, silt, and sand fractions and 2) to assess the potential of fractal parameters as an index used in a geostatistical approach reflecting the spatial variability of soil texture. Features of PSD of soil samples were studied using fractal geometry, and geostatistical techniques were used to characterize the spatial variability of fractal and soil textural parameters. There were two scaling domains for the PSD of soil samples. The fractal dimensions of these two scaling domains (D₁ and D₂) were then used to characterize different ranges of soil particle sizes and their relationships to the soil textural parameters. There was a positive correlation between D₁ and clay content (R² = 0.924), a negative correlation between D₁ and silt content (R² = 0.801), and a negative correlation between D₂ and sand content (R² = 0.913). The geometric mean diameter of soil particles had a negative correlation with D₁ (R² = 0.569) and D₂ (R² = 0.682). Semivariograms of fractal dimensions and soil textural parameters were calculated and the maps of spatial variation of D₁ and D₂ and soil PSD parameters were provided using ordinary kriging. The results showed that there were also spatial correlations between D₁ and D₂ and particle size fractions. According to the semivariogram models and validation parameters, the fractal parameters had powerful spatial structure and could better describe the spatial variability of soil texture.