冻融对土壤分离能力及侵蚀阻力的影响

冻融后坡面为水力侵蚀产沙提供了大量有效物质源,是河道泥沙的主要策源地。该研究利用室内模拟冻融和径流冲刷试验,设置不同冻融循环次数、坡度和流量梯度,分析冻融对土壤分离能力及侵蚀阻力的影响机制。结果表明,冻融条件下,坡度、流量和冻融循环次数均对土壤分离能力有显著影响(P0.05),贡献率分别为17.94%、19.96%和18.43%。冻融前后,土壤分离能力基本均随坡度和流量的增加而增大,冻融后的均值(5.28±2.48g/(cm~2·min))显著大于冻融前(2.39±1.71 g/(cm~2·min)),但冻融后的增幅明显小于冻融前。不同坡度和流量条件下,冻融1次后,土壤分离能力均显著增大(P0.05),但其随冻融循环次数增加的变化趋势差异较大,只有在坡度与流量同时较小(10°和≤18L/min)或较大(15°和≥18L/min)时,呈显著增大趋势。冻融循环1、5、10次后,土壤细沟可蚀性分别增大1.25、1.66和1.72倍,随冻融次数的增加逐渐趋于稳定;土壤临界剪切力冻融后显著降低,与冻融次数无明显关系。冻融后土壤平均容重、水稳性团聚体和抗剪强度分别降低了6.61%、24.77%和21.35%,土壤孔隙度和三相结构指数变化与之相反。冻融条件下,土壤细沟可蚀性与水稳性团聚体和抗剪强度呈显著负相关关系,而与孔隙度呈显著正相关关系。     

稳定碳、氮同位素在牛肉加工过程中的分馏效应

为了探究牛肉及副产物中稳定碳、氮同位素在加工过程中的变化规律,确证稳定碳、氮同位素在牛肉加工制品产地溯源中的稳定性和有效性。本试验通过对牛肉进行不同时间的水煮、烤制和油炸3种处理,其中水煮和烤制加工时间分别为5、10、15、20、25和30 min,油炸加工时间分别为1、2、3、4和5 min;采用元素分析仪-稳定同位素比率质谱仪(EA-IRMS)测定脱脂牛肉、粗脂肪及副产物中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值。结果表明,脱脂牛肉中δ¹³C值在水煮、烤制和油炸3种加工方式不同加工时间之间均无显著差异,水煮和烤制后粗脂肪中δ¹³C值无显著变化,油炸后的牛肉粗脂肪δ¹³C值主要受植物油的影响,加工方式及加工时间对其无显著影响;水煮脱脂牛肉δ¹⁵N值在加工25、30 min时与对照组牛肉存在显著差异,但平均差值仅为0.3‰~0.9‰。牛肉稳定碳、氮同位素在不同加工过程中分馏效应较小,可有效用于牛肉加工半成品及成品的原产地溯源。     

楠杆自然保护区不同植被类型土壤物理特性及涵养水源功能分析

为了研究楠杆自然保护区不同植被类型的土壤物理性质与涵养水源功能,选择了保护区6种典型的植被类型（落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、灌木林、竹林和草坡）下的土壤物理性质、土壤蓄水能力和土壤渗透能力等进行了研究,运用综合评价法对不同植被类型进行了综合评价。结果表明:6种不同植被类型的土壤密度为0.97 1.55 g/cm³,土壤总孔隙度为35.73%～69.25%,最大持水量为357.32~692.45 g/kg。不同植被类型的土壤物理性质、土壤蓄水能力和渗透能力有明显差异。综合评价分析表明:在不同植被类型中,落叶阔叶林（∑P_i²=0.468）土壤水源涵养功能最好,其次是竹林（∑P_i²=0.784）、针阔混交林（∑P_i²=0.914）、针叶林（∑P_i²=0.984）、灌木林（∑P_i²=1.005）,没有植被覆盖的草坡（∑P_i²=1.431）上的土壤水源涵养功能综合能力相对较差。     

杉木林下套种不同树种对土壤改良效应初探

为探讨复层异龄林营建初期对土壤物理结构和养分状况的影响,研究了浙西地区杉木林下套种不同树种土壤理化特征的变化。结果表明林下套种树种后林地土壤物理结构均得到不同程度的改善,土壤养分状况进一步好转。并运用多因素主成分分析方法,评价了不同复层林模式土壤养分含量规律,并将土壤养分状况的综合优势作了排序。其结果显示杉木林下套植的12种植物在种植初期对土壤养分改良效果较好的为麻栎、毛红椿、南天竺、十大功劳、红豆杉、椤木石楠和蚊母,其中麻栎和毛红椿改良效果最佳。     

Changes in forest soil organic matter pools after a decade of elevated CO2 and O3

The impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) may be mitigated, in part, by enhanced rates of net primary production and greater C storage in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). However, C sequestration in forest soils may be offset by other environmental changes such as increasing tropospheric ozone (O₃) or vary based on species-specific growth responses to elevated CO₂. To understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ alter SOM formation, we used physical fractionation to characterize soil C and N at the Rhinelander Free Air CO₂-O₃ Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Tracer amounts of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ were applied to the forest floor of Populus tremuloides, P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera and P. tremuloides-Acer saccharum communities exposed to factorial CO₂ and O₃ treatments. The ¹⁵N tracer and strongly depleted ¹³C-CO₂ were traced into SOM fractions over four years. Over time, C and N increased in coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM) and decreased in mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) under elevated CO₂ relative to ambient CO₂. As main effects, neither CO₂ nor O₃ significantly altered ¹⁵N recovery in SOM. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased new C in all SOM fractions, and significantly decreased old C in fine POM (fPOM) and MAOM over the duration of our study. Overall, our observations indicate that elevated CO₂ has altered SOM cycling at this site to favor C and N accumulation in less stable pools, with more rapid turnover. Elevated O₃ had the opposite effect, significantly reducing cPOM N by 15% and significantly increasing the C:N ratio by 7%. Our results demonstrate that CO₂ can enhance SOM turnover, potentially limiting long-term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems; plant community composition is an important determinant of the magnitude of this response.     

城市绿地土壤理化性质和Pb、Cd含量空间分布——以重庆市北碚区为例

城市绿地土壤作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,对城市的可持续发展有重要的意义。为了更好地了解城市绿地土壤、充分发挥其功能,该文对重庆市北碚城区土壤容重、pH、有机质、CEC等理化性质和Cd、Pb含量的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:西南部的土壤容重和pH值高于东北部;有机质整体偏高,且东北部高于西南部;西南部地区绿地土壤CEC含量略高于东北部;东北部地区土壤Cd和Pb含量高于西南部地区。绿地土壤在短时间内受到人为干预较为显著,但随着绿地土壤利用年限的增加,有向其所在地自然土壤特性发展的趋势。与土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）相比,Pb、Cd含量均以二级标准为主,虽然其对人类和环境的危害性现在还没有体现出来,但随着时间推移,其危害性会逐渐体现出来,应引起我们的高度重视。     

Characterization of humus-protease complexes extracted from soil

Pyrophosphate (140 mM, pH 7.1) extracts of two arable soils and one pasture soil were ultrafiltrated separating the extracted material into three fractions: A_I with nominal molecular weight (nmw) > 100 kD, A_II with nmw between 10 kD and 100 kD and R with nmw < 10 kD. Protease activity was determined in the fractions by using three different substrates: N-benzoyl-l-argininamide (BAA), specific for trypsin; N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-l-phenylalanyl l-leucine (ZPL), specific for carboxypeptidases; and casein, essentially a non-specific substrate. The derivative fractions were also analysed for their amino acid N and humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acid contents. The organic matter of extracts and derivative fractions obtained from the pasture soil was analysed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and that of fractions analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC). Activities of the extract were monitored for their thermal stability and those of the extract and derivative fractions for their optimal pH.Due to the mechanical disintegrating action of sodium pyrophosphate over the humic substances during the fractionation process the amount of total organic C and FA in the fractions was ranked as R > A_II > A_I. The lowest amino acid N/organic C was found in the R fraction, whereas A_II fraction was rich in humic acids, carbohydrates and amino acid N and A_I fraction showed the lowest carbohydrate content. At least 70% of the total BAA- and ZPL-hydrolysing activity was associated to particles with nmw higher than 10 kD and at least 30% of these activities were present in particles with nmw higher 100 kD. Casein-hydrolysing activity was quite evenly distributed among the three fractions (A_I, A_II and R). The extracted protease-organic complexes were resistant to thermal denaturation and some of them showed optimal activity at pH values higher than 10 as a result of the polyanionic characteristics of the humic material surrounding enzyme molecules and of the presence of alkaline protease. Comparison of data obtained in Py-GC analyses and in protease activity suggests that BAA-hydrolysing activity was associated to a highly condensed humic matter and ZPL-hydrolysing activity to less resistant humic substances, while at least some of the extracted casein-hydrolysing activity was present as glyco-proteins not associated to humus. BAA-hydrolysing activity was probably inhibited by fresh organic matter of carbohydrate origin whereas lignin derived organic matter probably inhibited ZPL- and casein-hydrolysing activity.     

兰州市城市污水处理厂污泥中重金属形态分布特征与潜在生态风险评价

通过现场调查采样及室内分析,研究了兰州市七里河安宁污水处理厂和雁儿湾污水处理厂污泥中重金属的形态分布特征,并对其进行了潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,污泥总体呈高有机质、高全N和有效P、高微量营养元素,且Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni5种重金属的含量均低于污泥农用控制标准,具有很好的农用价值。污泥中Zn、Cd、Pb主要以有机结合态和残渣态存在,而Cu、Ni可交换态所占比例较高,分别为14.95%和14.41%,不稳定态所占比例分别为41.12%和31.04%,表现出较高的生物活性和可利用性。七里河和雁儿湾污泥中重金属的潜在生态风险属于低度风险;Cd、Cu是污泥中重金属潜在生态风险的主要贡献者,在污泥处理处置时应引起高度重视。     

不同施用方式下污泥堆肥对土壤性质和草坪生长的影响

为解决城市污泥处理难题,探讨污泥堆肥及其不同施入方式对绿地土壤的改良效果,进行了污泥堆肥绿地土壤改良试验。试验设混合(H)、覆盖(F)、混合+覆盖(HF)3种施入方式,结果表明:不同施入方式均能显著降低绿地土壤容重,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量,HF和H的改良效果最好;不同施入方式还均能显著促进草坪生长和分蘖,其中HF,F,H处理的分蘖密度分别比对照高45%,37%,32%;F处理的杂草抑制率在96%以上,HF为78%,H处理未能抑制杂草;各施入方式均能显著提高土壤微生物碳和土壤微生物氮含量,改良1年后,F、H和HF的土壤微生物碳含量分别是对照2.4,3.1,3.4倍,微生物氮含量分别是对照的1.7,3.0,2.8倍;与对照相比,HF处理与H处理的土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均显著提高。     

水库移民安置中水土资源优化配置与生态补偿

水库建设所产生的移民安置问题影响着工程进展、库区与移民安置区的稳定发展,在库区移民实物指标调查与多源数据集成应用基础上对水库移民安置中水土资源进行优化配置与生态补偿,促进库区和移民安置区可持续发展。采用现代信息技术对移民实物指标进行采集、处理与集成应用,建立面向水库移民安置的移民信息系统,为水库淹没影响范围的确定与移民安置实施提供辅助决策支持方法,对库区和移民安置区的水土资源与生态进行综合考虑,以此指导水土资源的优化配置和生态补偿。以陕西省引汉济渭调水工程三河口水库移民安置为应用实例,对采集的三河口水库移民实物指标进行统计分析,通过移民信息系统对实物指标进行空间展示,采用问卷调查确定移民安置方式和移民安置区,提出移民安置区水土资源优化配置与生态补偿措施。在水库移民安置过程中对水资源、土地资源和生态环境进行综合考虑有助于移民安置的科学有序进行,库区和移民安置区后期的稳定与可持续发展,在同类工程中具有一定的指导意义。