岩溶山地石漠化地区不同土地利用方式下的土壤物理性状分析

分析研究了重庆市北暗区岩溶槽谷鸡公山地区不同土地利用方式下的土壤主要物理性质,认为随着岩溶地区土地由自然林地向草坡地、人工林地、菜地、耕地转换,土壤砂化严重,土壤容重增加,总孔隙度,尤其是非毛管孔隙度明显降低,用干筛测得的各不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体结构相差不大,而用湿筛测得的土壤水稳性团聚体相差较大,团聚体结构破坏率较大。随着岩溶地区土地由菜地、耕地向撂荒地转换,土壤各项物理指标都有改善。在此基础上认为,土壤物理性质的变坏与石漠化形成过程有相互促进的正反馈关系,在退化方向和阶段上具有一致性和同步性,但土地撂荒后可以较大程度的减少水土流失。     

低丘红壤旱地水分问题及其解决途径研究进展

阐述了低丘红壤旱地的季节性干旱和土壤物理性退化等导致的水分问题 ,总结了一些实际可行的减缓水分问题的有效措施 ,如 :农林复合生态系统的构建、植被覆盖、合理轮作、以肥调水、灌溉系统和改良土壤结构等。并在回顾有关研究的基础上 ,对低丘红壤区水分问题的研究和解决途径提出展望     

川西亚高山针叶林植物群落演替对土壤性质的影响

研究了川西亚高山针叶林人工重建过程中土壤物理性质,结果表明:随着人工云杉林龄的增加,土壤表层粉粒、粘粒、物理性粘粒、团聚度和结构系数降低,砂粒含量增高,土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及总孔隙和毛管孔隙在人工云杉林演替过程中表现出"U"型变化,即人工云杉从幼林向成熟林演替阶段,土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及总孔隙和毛管孔隙则减少,在40年生云杉林达最低值之后,随着云杉自疏而有上升的趋势,毛管持水量是决定林地土壤自然含水量的主要因子。为了加速该区域植被恢复和重建过程,建议营造针阔混交林和对人工成熟林和过熟林进行间伐抚育,增加物种多样性,减少水土流失,为植物生长创造良好的土壤物理环境。     

不同土地利用模式下土壤侵蚀空间演化模拟

高分子聚合物具有改善土壤结构,增加降雨入渗,调控坡面径流的作用。为探索适合于黄土区应用的高效低廉降雨径流调控新材料,选择聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、脲醛树脂3种高分子聚合物,以不同浓度施入土壤,研究其对土壤物理性质的影响。实验表明：(1)土壤经3种高分子聚合物处理后平均水稳性团粒含量增加17．27％,渗透性能提高41．81％,容重减少11．18％,土壤持水能力较对照提高2．8倍。这说明此3种高分子聚合物均是较好的土壤结构改良剂,尤其是聚丙烯酸效果最为显。(2)根据3种聚合物不同浓度处理后的综合效果,确定了聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯酵、脲醛树脂的适宜浓度分别为4．8％—6．0％,1．6％,10．0％。     

Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol

Reclamation of Brazilian cerrados (savannas) has been intensified in the last decades, with implications for soil quality and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. Studying the impact of different tillage systems is essential to define better strategies for land use in Cerrado, which may favor C sequestration and improve soil quality. We used density fractionation and ¹³C natural abundance to assess changes in SOM in an Oxisol previously under a cerrado sensu-stricto following 30 years of cultivation. The objectives of the study were to: (i) evaluate the long-term impact of tillage systems on SOM stocks in a Dark Red Latosol (Oxisol) from the Cerrado Biome, and (ii) better understand the dynamics of SOM in different density fractions of this soil. Cultivation led to compaction, which significantly increased soil bulk density. This resulted in the systematic overestimation of C and N stocks in cultivated areas when compared to the natural cerrado. Conversion of the cerrado into cropland using plow tillage (PT) or no-tillage (NT) system did not alter the total C (100 Mg ha⁻¹) and N (7 Mg ha⁻¹) stocks in the first 45 cm depth at the end of 30 years of cultivation. However, about 22% of the total C was replaced by C from maize. The relative replacement of C decreased following the order: free light fraction (F-LF)>heavy fraction (HF)>occluded light fraction (O-LF). The low substitution in the O-LF was attributed to a possible presence of charcoal. Converting cerrado into cropland significantly decreased F-LF quantity. The proportions of C replacement in this fraction were higher in PT than NT, suggesting a faster turnover in PT. Nevertheless, because most C (95%) was held in the HF, C dynamics in the whole soil were controlled by the behavior of this fraction. The maintenance of C levels even at the end of 30 years of cultivation and the lack of differentiation between NT and PT were attributed to the high clay contents and Fe+Al oxi-hydroxides concentrations of the studied soil as well as to a sufficient C supply by the maize crop.     

小麦秸秆全量还田下腐熟剂对下茬水稻产量及土壤的影响

旨在为稻麦轮作模式中秸秆全量还田提供有效配套措施,采用田间大区试验,开展了小麦秸秆全量还田配套腐熟剂研究。试验设3处理,分别为不施腐熟剂CK、施腐熟剂A和施腐熟剂B处理。结果显示腐熟剂A处理水稻比CK减产2.37%,B增产1.74%;A处理土壤速效NPK分别比CK增加了2.34mg/kg、1.00mg/kg和4.00mg/kg,铜、锌含量下降,砷含量上升3.03mg/kg;B处理速效NP分别比CK降低5.33mg/kg和6.47mg/kg,有机质减少3.66g/kg,铜、锌、砷含量均低于CK。腐熟剂A、B均可促进土壤微生物增殖,提升整体代谢活性,增加物种多样性指数;其中A处理细菌与真菌增加明显,而B对放线菌的促进更为明显。综合腐熟剂对水稻产量、土壤理化及微生物种群和代谢特征的影响,配套腐熟剂B更利于水稻产量和土壤健康。     

晚稻全生育期Cd的迁移转化规律及预测模型研究

为探讨晚稻全生育期Cd的迁移转化规律及预测模型,采用长沙市望城区大田试验土壤-水稻Cd点对点数据,对水稻4个典型生育期（苗期、分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期）及不同部位（根、茎叶及籽粒）Cd的吸收、累积和分配差异进行研究。结果表明,同一生育期各部位Cd含量和富集能力均为根>茎叶>籽粒,且根部明显高于其他部位,不同生育期差异显著,具体为成熟期>灌浆期>分蘖期>苗期;Cd转运能力为土-根>根-茎叶>茎叶-籽粒>根-籽粒,籽粒Cd大部分来自于茎叶的转移,且分蘖期转运能力显著高于其余生育期;Cd积累量和分配差异为茎叶>根>籽粒,且分蘖期和成熟期远大于苗期和灌浆期;土壤pH和有效态镉(ACd)含量是影响水稻Cd吸收的主控因子,pH为负效应,有效态镉为正效应,分蘖期茎叶Cd含量受其影响最大,是控制Cd进入籽粒的关键时期。可利用分蘖期土壤pH和有效态镉含量预测成熟期籽粒Cd含量,最优预测模型为lgCd_{成熟期籽粒}=0.158-0.099pH_分蘖期+0.261lgACd_分蘖期。研究结果可为中国长株潭地区稻田土壤Cd污染风险评估和管控提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

植物碳同位素分馏在水分利用效率研究中的应用

稳定碳同位素测量法不受时间、空间限制,测定过程简便准确,为了消除常规传统测定水分利用效率(WUE)方法中的缺陷,可将稳定碳同位素示踪技术引用于指示作物的WUE中。本研究综述了稳定碳同位素分馏的基本原理,从植物器官组织、气候因子和水分条件分析了稳定碳同位素分馏特征与WUE的关系和在植物抗旱节水育种上的应用。通过分析不同光合型植物稳定碳同位素分馏特征得出,WUE与碳同位素比值(δ¹³C)及碳同位素分辨率(Δ¹³C)具有相关性,植物不同部位器官的δ¹³C值均有差异,降雨量、光照强度和时长以及土壤水分都对植物δ¹³C值和WUE产生显著影响。因此,利用δ¹³C和Δ¹³C这两个稳定碳同位素指标能够更好地指示植物高WUE和抗旱性,可为提高植物WUE和选育抗旱性品种提供理论依据。     

黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤性状的影响

黑土作为东北地区主要的耕作土壤,其结构性状对土地生产力影响极大。土壤侵蚀使肥沃的黑土层减薄,土壤理化性状不同程度地受到破坏和影响。根据黑土侵蚀现状,对不同侵蚀程度黑土坡耕地的养分状况、土壤田间持水量和渗透速度、抗蚀抗冲性能指标的测定分析发现,黑土侵蚀程度由轻度到重度,土壤有机质等养分含量越来越低;土壤蓄渗水能力逐渐减小;土壤抗蚀抗冲性能亦逐渐降低。黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀程度的加剧,使得土壤有机质含量减少,保肥供肥能力降低,土壤黏度加重,结构变劣,保水能力减弱,影响农作物的生长发育,势必对我国东北黑土区商品粮基地的重要地位构成严重威胁。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.