Evaluation of infiltration measurements under olive trees in Córdoba

Field experiments were conducted at the Alameda del Obispo Experiment Station of the Andalusian Autonomous Government, Córdoba, Spain, to compare the field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs) measured by four different techniques: constant-head well permeameter (CP), falling-head lined borehole permeameter (FP), twin-rings (TR) and disk infiltrometer (DI). For each technique, measurements under and outside the olive-canopy were compared in order to detect differences in K_fs. All techniques gave higher K_fs values under the canopy, but significantly higher only for FP and TR. Outside the canopy K_fs values obtained with CP and TR were significantly higher than those obtained with the FP and the DI methods, but the FP and the DI as well as the CP and the TR K_fs values were statistically the same. Under the canopy, K_fs values obtained with the TR method were significantly higher than those obtained with the other three techniques. Estimates of K_fs, however, are most comparable for DI and FP.     

计算潜水蒸发系数的反Logistic公式

根据新疆叶尔羌河流域地下水均衡场裸地潜水蒸发的试验观测资料,提出了进行潜水蒸发系数计算的反Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ公式,同时采用可变多面体法对公式进行了非线性拟合。该公式较全面地反映了潜水蒸发系数的变化规律,简单实用,适于当地潜水蒸发量的估算     

春小麦子粒蛋白质积累和产量形成规律及施氮的调节作用

以春小麦不同品质类型为材料,研究子粒蛋白质和干物质积累规律。结果表明,春小麦灌浆期子粒蛋白质百分含量总的趋势均呈“Ｖ”型变化。但不同品质类型存在差异。高蛋白类型灌浆前期蛋白质含量下降缓慢,曲线波动小,高产类型则相反,高产高蛋白类型虽前期下降快,但后期回升速度也快,最终有较高的蛋白质含量。粒重在整个灌浆过程中均呈上升趋势,并在接近成熟时趋于稳定。等量氮肥分期施用,生育前期施氮有利于产量的形成,开花期叶面喷氮,在提高蛋白质含量的同时具有增加粒重的双重作用。不同品质类型小麦光合产物的生产和分配方向不同,高产高蛋白品种光合能力强,光合产物多,能够兼顾产量和蛋白质的同时增加。后期保持高光合速率和叶面积持续过程是高产、高蛋白类型的重要生理特性。     

Quantifying subjective human dimensions of recreational fishing: does good health come to those who bait?

Recreational fishing is a popular sport and leisure activity in many countries worldwide. There has been growing interest by recreational fishing groups and researchers in the perceived physical and psychological health and social (or ‘biopsychosocial’) benefits of recreational fishing. However, quantifying the key subjective ‘human dimensions’ of fishing that satisfy both the needs of recreational fishing groups and fishery managers is a major obstacle. We propose the use of psychometrically valid health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) measures widely used in the medical and health sciences – namely the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) – as rapid, reliable and cost‐effective instruments for quantifying HRQOL of recreational fishers. The widespread use of SF‐36 and availability of population normative data allows comparisons of the HRQOL of recreational fishers across multiple temporal and spatial scales, with participants of other activities, and the general population. The use of such measures in periodic surveys allows the biopsychosocial status of a recreational fishery's participants to be assessed using a modified Kobe plot, a graphical format that is easily interpretable and consistent with existing reporting formats used in fisheries stock assessment. Future biopsychosocial research in recreational fisheries can further benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration to develop a suite of standardized psychometrically valid and reliable instruments for assessing specific issues that commonly affect recreational fisheries from regional to international scales, such as drivers of fisher motivation, behaviour and satisfaction.     

山丘河谷平原潜水氮素浓度变化及其与土地利用的相关性

为分析山丘河谷平原地带农业集约化发展条件下地下潜水氮素情况,对浙江长乐江流域河谷平原地带地下潜水以月为单位连续采样分析,研究该地区地下潜水中氮素浓度的季节性动态变化和空间分布情况,并以各个采样点为圆心,分别提取每个样点周围8种半径(50、100、250、500、750、1 0000、1 250、 1 500 m)的圆形区域中各类土地利用类型面积,分析不同土地利用类型面积占比与地下潜水中氮素浓度的关系。结果表明,地下潜水中硝态氮(NO3--N)浓度总体平均值为(1.326±0.618) mg·L^-1,总氮(TN)浓度总体平均值为(2.717±1.614) mg·L^-1,地下潜水中TN与NO3--N浓度的时空变化呈现出高度的一致性,时间分布上两者浓度均在丰水期大于枯水期,空间分布上则从以园地(蔬菜、苗木)和耕地(水稻、油菜)为主要土地利用类型的区域向周边递减。各土地利用类型中,以园地对NO3--N和TN浓度值贡献最大。地下潜水中的氨氮(NH₃-N)浓度总体平均值为(0.434±0.158)mg·L^-1,占TN的16%。各监测点丰水期的NH₃-N浓度普遍低于枯水期,并呈现靠近水域的监测点氨氮浓度偏高的趋势。     

冻结气温降幅对潜水入流量影响的试验研究

为了揭示冻结气温降幅对潜水入流量的影响,通过室内冻结试验装置设定地下水位埋深为87.5 cm,进行了3种冻结气温降幅,2种土壤质地的单向土壤冻结试验,监测潜水入流量的变化。结果表明：大幅降温冻结下,潜水入流速率较大,冻结第41天砂壤土和粉质粘壤土潜水入流量分别较小幅降温冻结下的潜水入流量高51.8 mm和50.7 mm;冻结气温降幅越大,潜水入流量受土壤质地的影响越明显,小幅降温、中幅降温和大幅降温冻结下,第41天砂壤土潜水入流量较粉质粘壤土潜水入流量分别高8.6 mm、11.5 mm和14.2 mm;土壤颗粒直径越小,潜水入流量对冻结气温降幅的响应越早。研究成果对于地下水浅埋区地下水资源量的科学评价和土壤盐碱化防治等具有重要的指导意义。     

Water in the Mogao Grottoes,China: where it comes from and how it is driven

The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in China was designated as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1987 and is famous for its cultural relics. Water is the most active factor that harms the relics in the caves as it damages the grotto murals and painted sculptures. Thus, determining the water sources and driving forces of water movement is a key issue for protecting these cultural relics. These issues have troubled relics protectors for a long time. In this study, the authors chose a representative cave in the Mogao Grottoes and, by completely sealing the cave to make a closed system, measured the water vapor from the surrounding rock. This was accomplished by installing a condensation–dehumidification temperature–humidity control system for the collection of water vapor. The results show that there is continuous evaporation from the deep surrounding rock into the cave. The daily evaporation capacity is determined to be 1.02 g/(d?m2). The water sources and driving forces of water movement were further analyzed according to the character of the water evaporation and by monitoring the temperature and humidity of the surrounding rock. It was found that the water vapor in the cave derives from phreatic water. Moreover, the yearly fluctuation of temperature in the surrounding rock and geothermal forces are the basic powers responsible for driving phreatic evaporation. Under the action of the yearly temperature fluctuations, decomposition and combination of bound water acts as a "pump" that drives phreatic water migration and evaporation. When the temperature rises, bound water decomposes and evaporates; and when it falls, the rock absorbs moisture. This causes the phreatic water to move from deep regions to shallow ones. Determining the source and dynamic foundation of the water provides a firm scientific basis for protecting the valuable cultural relics in the caves.     

Food habits of striped hyena(Hyaena hyaena) in a semi-arid conservation area of India

Striped hyena(Hyaena hyaena) is a near-threatened large carnivore known to occur in arid and semi-arid landscapes in many parts of the world. Its population is declining globally and ecological information is required urgently to meet their conservation needs. We studied the diet pattern of the striped hyena in the semi-arid Gir National Park and Sanctuary(GNPS), western India. Prey items eaten by the striped hyena were identified from scats. Around 44.4% scats represented single to three mammalian preys while 55.6% of them represented four preys to seven preys. A variety of food items were identified including mammals, birds, insects and vegetable matters. Scats analysis showed that 63.91% diet of striped hyena was contributed by wild prey items, 20.94% by domestic prey and 3.31% by birds, whereas vegetable and insects contributed 9.92% and 1.93%, respectively. Diet diversity of the striped hyena computed by the Shannon-Weiner Index(H) was found to be 2.64. The presence of domestic mammals in the scat remains implied that the striped hyena might frequently visit human habitation in search for food and hence, a potential conflict between human and wildlife might arise. Reducing the dependence of hyena on domestic livestock is a challenge to ensure the survival of striped hyena outside the protected area.     

基于最小二乘法的Pt100曲线拟合算法的研究

采用最小二乘法对Pt100进行拟合,推导曲线方程,并进行试验。结果表明,Pt100传感器具有精度高、重复性好等特点,适合油田洗井测温和设施农业。     

叶轮与导叶叶片数匹配对井用潜水泵性能的影响

叶轮与导叶叶片数对泵的扬程、效率等都具有较大的影响。选取250QJ140型井用潜水泵作为研究对象,采用数值计算与试验相结合的方法,在叶轮与导叶叶片数组合变化下,对井用潜水泵的性能变化规律和内部流场分布进行了研究。基于不改变其他几何参数的原则,建立16组不同叶片数组合的两级井用潜水泵模型。采用ANSYS ICEM软件对各组模型分别进行了结构化网格划分,进而在ANSYS CFX商用软件中对各组模型进行了多工况定常数值计算。各组数值计算均选用标准k-ω湍流模型和标准壁面函数,获得了各组模型在不同工况下的性能预测值。通过各组方案性能预测值的对比可以发现:在额定流量工况下,当叶轮与导叶叶片数均为7时,井用潜水泵模型的效率最高。在小流量工况和大流量工况下,泵内的介质流动角度发生了变化。在小流量工况下,增加叶轮与导叶的叶片数可以提高叶片对于液体介质的整流,进而提高井用潜水泵性能;在大流量工况下,较少的叶轮与导叶叶片数更能减轻叶片对液体介质的排挤作用。将大流量工况下性能较好的方案6进行了样机制造和性能试验,结果表明,模型性能较好,在额定流量工况下,扬程预测值比试验结果低2.4%,轴功率预测值比试验结果低1.6%,效率预测值比试验结果高1.1%,数值预测结果与试验结果随流量的整体变化趋势一致,证实了本文中数值计算的准确性。