Reversal of the inhibition of photosynthesis by herbicides affecting hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase by plastoquinone and tocopheryl derivatives in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Isoxaflutole or pyrazolate inhibition of tocopherol and plastoquinone biosynthesis in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang leads to the inactivation of photosystem II and the degradation of its reaction centre D1 protein when exposed to strong light. Cell-permeable short-chain derivatives of plastoquinone and tocopherol were tested in the reversal. Addition of decyl-plastoquinone reverses herbicide-induced inhibition of photosynthesis and inactivation of photosystem II in short-time (1 h) exposure of the algae to high light. In high light longer than 1 h, decyl-plastoquinone alone loses effectiveness, but a synthetic permeable tocopheryl derivative retards the inhibitory effects on photosystem II and on the degradation of the D1 protein. This indicates that tocopherol deficiency induced by the herbicides makes a major contribution to their secondary mode of action in high light stress.     

氮素对玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响

以玉米自交系齐319(Q319)为材料,采用单株盆栽种植方式,借助叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线,研究了氮素对玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响。2年研究结果表明,在本试验条件下,氮素对Q319灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量无明显提高作用,但其净光合速率(Pn)和单株干物质积累量、子粒产量显著增加。JIP-test分析表明,氮素显著提高了叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心电子供体侧和受体侧性能;显著提高了Q319 PSⅡ反应中心电子受体侧之后的电子传递链性能,增强了电子由PSⅡ向PSⅠ的分配,从而显著地提高了PSⅡ与PSⅠ之间的协调性。可以认为,施氮后灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量的变化不是Pn提高的主要原因,而两个光系统性能的改善及二者间协调性的提高增强了光合电子传递链的性能是灌浆期Pn升高与成熟期产量增加的主要原因。     

Activity and Persistence of Sorgoleone,a Long-Chain Hydroquinone Produced by Sorghum bicolor

Summary

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moensch and other related Sorghum species produce sorgoleone-a long chain hydroquinone compound (MW = 358), which is exuded by living root systems. This compound exhibits potent activity as a photosynthetic inhibitor. A diverse group of sorghum germplasm was evaluated for sorgoleone production. Production was quite variable, with certain accessions producing up to 15 mg sorgoleone/g fresh root weight. The root exudate composition among accessions was less variable, with sorgoleone being the major constituent (76-99%) within the extract. The potential binding of sorgoleone to the D1 protein of the PSII complex was evaluated in triazine resistant and susceptible redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) thylakoids. Sorgoleone, metribuzin and diuron exhibited competitive binding with atrazine in susceptible thylakoids, while no competition was evident in resistant thylakoids. Sorgoleone has an intermediate affinity between that of diuron and metribuzin from estimated binding constants. Computer-aided design programs have proven useful to further evaluate structural activity relationships for sorgo-leone, and PSII inhibitors. Sorgoleone at concentrations up to 40 ppmw significantly reduced shoot fresh weight in several broadleaf weed species when incorporated in soil, but had limited effect on root development. Sorgoleone at the same concentrations applied postemergence also caused significant growth reduction to a number of weed species. Recovery of soil impregnated with sorgoleone was most effective (up to 85%) when acetonitrile:water (80:20 v/v) was used as the extractant, in comparison to methanol:water or water alone. Recovery declined over a 42 day period after incorporation, but detectable sorgoleone levels were observed after 7 weeks.     

土壤相对含水量对不同茬口番茄叶片PSⅡ光化学活性和光能分配影响

为探明不同茬口番茄光合特性对土壤水分响应机制,采用盆栽方式研究50%、65%和80%土壤水分处理对冬春两茬番茄叶片PSⅡ光化学活性和光能分配的影响。结果表明,随着土壤相对含水量减少,春茬番茄叶片的叶绿素含量下降,电解质渗透率增加,叶片最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(q P)和吸收光能用于进行光化学反应份额(P)降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)、双光系统间激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)、天线热耗散份额(D)和非光化学猝灭量子产量[Y(NO)]显著升高,表明叶片用于PSⅡ反应中心的光化学活性降低,用于非化学反应的能量增加,叶片发生光抑制和光损伤程度增加,且与水分亏缺程度呈显著正相关,春茬番茄以80%土壤含水量表现较好。冬茬番茄以50%水分处理的F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、q P和P较低,但生长中后期时,65%水分处理的F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、q P和P却显著高于80%处理,与充足供水相比,轻度水分胁迫下的番茄叶片的光抑制发生程度较轻。综上可知,春茬番茄以80%水分处理的叶片光化学活性较高,而冬茬番茄以65%水分处理表现较好。本研究结果为不同茬口番茄生产的合理灌溉提供了理论依据。     

盐地碱蓬PsaH基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

【目的】PsaH基因是编码光合反应光系统I(PSI)复合蛋白H亚基的基因。为深入开展该基因的耐盐功能研究及其在盐生植物耐盐机制中的作用提供了基础,并为改良作物耐盐性分子育种提供候选基因。【方法】研究从盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)盐胁迫文库中筛选出一个与耐盐相关的PsaH基因,经测序获得全长cDNA序列,命名为SsPsaH(GeneBank Accession Number:KC4048847),对该基因进行生物信息学分析进行结构功能预测。【结果】该基因全长770 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为438 bp,编码145个氨基酸;该基因所编码的蛋白定位于叶绿体膜系统,无信号肽,含有一个跨膜结构的亲水性不稳定蛋白,二级结构多为无规则卷曲。同时,该基因在不同物种间具有较强的保守性,含有4个高度保守的结构域,系统进化树分析表明,其与菠菜亲缘关系最近。RT-PCR分析表明,SsPsaH基因在根、茎、叶中均有表达,但在茎和叶中表达量高于根。【结论】SsPsaH基因是编码光合反应光系统I(PSI)复合蛋白H亚基的基因。本研究为以后深入开展该基因的耐盐功能研究及其在盐生植物耐盐机制中的作用提供了理论基础。     

高丹草叶片PSⅡ光化学活性的抗旱优势

本试验利用快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学分析技术研究了高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense)和苏丹草(S.sudanense)叶片PSⅡ光化学活性对干旱的响应。结果表明,随着干旱的加剧,高丹草和苏丹草幼苗叶片PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和效能指数(PIABS)明显降低,特别是PIABS的降低幅度明显大于Fv/Fm,即干旱下两种牧草幼苗叶片的PSⅡ光化学活性降低,但不同干旱程度下高丹草幼苗叶片的PSⅡ光化学活性明显高于苏丹草。分析原因可以发现:干旱下高丹草幼苗叶片OJIP曲线上0.15和0.3 ms时(L点和K点)的相对可变荧光VL和VK增加幅度明显小于苏丹草,即干旱条件下对高丹草幼苗叶片PSⅡ电子供体侧放氧复合体OCE活性和类囊体聚合状态的影响明显小于苏丹草,这对于电子传递链上的电子供应及电子传递的稳定性起到了重要的作用。另外,干旱下两种牧草幼苗叶片OJIP曲线上2和30 ms时(J点和I点)的相对可变荧光VJ和VI明显增加,即干旱导致PSⅡ光化学活性降低还与PSⅡ电子受体侧电子由QA向QB传递受阻以及PQ库接受电子能力的降低有关。但干旱下高丹草和苏丹草幼苗叶片仅VJ差异明显,而VI却无明显差异,这说明干旱下高丹草幼苗叶片电子传递体QB接受电子的能力明显高于苏丹草,从而使干旱下高丹草幼苗叶片PSⅡ受体侧电子传递能力高于苏丹草。     

澳州坚果叶片光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数日变化

以澳洲坚果为材料,研究其叶绿素荧光动力学参数和净光合速率及其光合有效辐射、温度、空气湿度、大气二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率等影响因子。结果表明:澳洲坚果光合速率日变化呈不对称的双峰曲线,有明显的“午休”现象;第1个峰值出现在7∶00,净光合速率达到5.22μmol/(m2.s),第2个峰值出现在14∶00,净光合速率达到4.18μmol/(m2.s)。影响光合作用的主导环境因子为光照强度和湿度。Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo均表现出先下降后上升的趋势,光合活性受到暂时抑制,光合器官并没有受到损伤。     

北京地区大叶黄杨越冬进程中光系统Ⅱ的行为特征

利用PAM2100调制式叶绿素荧光仪与氧电极技术,监测常绿阔叶植物大叶黄杨在北京地区越冬进程中光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)行为特征的转变。结果表明:随着越冬进程的推进,光合放氧速率和PSⅡ光化学效率相继降低,阳生叶降低的幅度均比阴生叶大。深冬,阳生叶的荧光诱导曲线的动力学变化完全消失,而阴生叶能保持一定的荧光动力学变化。同时,植物采取多种防御措施相互配合,保护PSⅡ反应中心:首先,初始荧光(Fo)与最大PSⅡ光化学效率(FV/Fm)同步降低,表明植物通过减小捕光天线系统的方式减少过多光能对PSⅡ反应中心的激发压;其次,光化学猝灭(qP)始终较高,表明PSⅡ通过保持较高的开放程度,减少激发能在PSⅡ供体侧的积累;最后,非线性电子传递与天线系统之外的热耗散是大叶黄杨越冬进程重要的光保护机制。     

Heat tolerance in food legumes as evaluated by cell membrane thermostability and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques

Summary The genotypic variation for heat tolerance in chickpea, groundnut, pigeonpea, and soya bean was evaluated by testing membrane stability and photosystem (PSII) function in leaves at high temperatures. The legumes could be ranked from heat-tolerant to sensitive in the order: groundnut, soya bean, pigeonpea and chickpea. The damage to cell membranes (as reflected by an increased leakage of electrolytes) and PS II (as reflected by a decrease in the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence) was less, and recovery from heat stress was faster in groundnut than in other crops. Prior exposure of plants to 35°C for 24h led to a reduced leakage of electrolytes at high temperatures in all crops but the differences among legumes were consistent. Substantial genotypic variation for heat tolerance was found in all legumes. Membrane injury was negatively associated with specific leaf weight in groundnut (r=–0.69^**) and soya bean (r=–0.56^**) but not in the pulses. Electrolyte leakage and fluorescence ratio were negatively correlated in all legumes. The potential use of electrolyte leakage and fluorescence tests as screening procedures for breeding heat-tolerant legumes is discussed.Abbreviations RI relative injury - Fo initial fluorescence - Fm maximum fluorescence - Fv variable fluorescence - PS II photosystem II - PAR photosynthetically active radiation     

6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)对不同氮素水平下玉米叶片衰老过程中光系统II性能的调控效应

以玉米自交系齐319 (Qi 319)为试材,利用叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线,研究了喷施外源激素6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)对不同氮素水平下玉米花后叶片光系统II (PSII)性能的调控效应。两年研究结果表明,花后穗位叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率(P_n)均呈降低的趋势。在不施氮条件下,外源喷施6-BA,可提高叶绿素含量及后期P_n,但对PSII反应中心的活性无显著改善。施氮可显著提高P_n和PS II的性能,6-BA可显著增强其效果。二者互作条件下,叶绿素含量显著提高,P_n显著增加(P<0.05),PSII供体侧和受体侧的活性得到有效改善,其中对PSII供体侧性能的改善幅度大于对受体侧,PSII反应中心的活性提高以花后10 d最显著。光合性能的提高使单株生物量和籽粒产量显著增加(P<0.05)。因此,在适量施用氮肥的条件下结合喷施6-BA可以显著改善叶片光合性能。